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Understanding how automation changes work — task by task, with the evidence shown and the uncertainty admitted.

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On this pageWhich technologiesHow it got hereMethod and sources
Occupations›Insurance claims handler›How we know

Insurance claims handler — how we know

The page itself gives the judgements. This one gives what they rest on: which technologies bear on the work, how the estimate moved since language models reached the public, and the method behind both.

Assessed
2026-09-13
With evidence
3/6
Verified events
2

Which technologies matter here#

Four separate signals. They are deliberately not added together — a job exposed to two technologies is not twice as exposed.

Process & self-service
Taking the claim
Cognitive automation
Taking the claimDeciding whether it is coveredPutting a number on the lossThe claim that does not fitTelling someone noSpotting the invented claim

How it got here#

The index is not a static number. This is where it would have sat at each capability checkpoint since ChatGPT — reconstructed, and labelled as such.

Reconstructed · platform inferenceEstimated today for each past checkpoint — not measured at the time. 36 → 63.
1007550250
EIOPA's Opinion requires EU insurers to keep effective internal control and human oversight over AI systems, and records that claims AI is not on the AI Act's high-risk listLemonade's annual report states that as of 31 December 2023, 98% of the time its claims bot takes the first notice of loss and pays or declines the claim without human intervention123456789not assessed
2022 H22024 H2Now

—— this stretch contains a verified event- - - no event in this stretch — reconstruction only0 = no task exposed, 100 = every task exposed

● 2 verified events for this occupation, plotted at the date it happened — the parts of the line near a marker are anchored to something checkable.

A high start that predates generative AI: rules engines and straight-through processing have been eating simple personal-lines claims since the 2000s. The 2023-2025 climb is the intake end — reading a free-text account of what happened, matching it to a policy and settling it — which had resisted rule engines because it needed language. One insurer's own annual report puts 98% on that step. It flattens because the remaining work is not processing: the claim whose story does not add up, and the person who has to answer for a decline. Read the level as a warning about the routine half rather than about the occupation, and note what the curve cannot see — the number of people needed per thousand claims, which is the number a business case is actually built on.

12022 H236General-purpose text generation reaches the public. Before this point, exposure came from automation that was already deployed — OCR, RPA, machine vision, self-checkout, dispatch algorithms. ChatGPT research preview (2022-11-30) ↗
22023 H139A general model that passes professional exams. First-draft quality crosses the threshold where professional work starts using it. GPT-4 (2023-03-14) ↗
32023 H244Vision input, long context and tool calling. Models can be pointed at documents and connected to systems, which is what moves process work rather than writing work. GPT-4 Turbo:128k 上下文、视觉、工具调用(DevDay) (2023-11-06) ↗
42024 H150The same capability gets much cheaper and faster. Nothing new becomes possible; a lot becomes affordable at volume, which is when deployment decisions change.
52024 H256Reasoning models that work through multi-step problems, and the first models that operate a computer by looking at the screen. The second one is what reaches software-operating jobs. OpenAI o1(推理);同期 Claude 的 computer use 进入公测 (2024-09-12) ↗
62025 H159Agents begin operating real software end to end rather than producing text for a person to paste. This is also when the first public reversals appear — organisations that automated and partly undid it. Claude 3.7 Sonnet 与 Claude Code:混合推理 + 命令行编码代理 (2025-02-24) ↗
72025 H261Long context and tool use become the default rather than a feature. Capability gains continue; the visible constraint shifts from what models can do to liability, procurement and cost. GPT-5(2025-08-07);Claude Opus 4.5(2025-11-24) (2025-08-07) ↗
82026 H163Long-horizon agents land inside specific industry workflows. Adoption becomes sector-specific rather than general. GPT-5.5:「专为实际工作打造」 (2026-04-23) ↗
9Now63The current assessment — this point is the impact index published on the occupation's page, so the curve is anchored to a number the site already stands behind. Worth noting for the flat curves: in the same weeks, a research preview of a shared specification for AI agents to operate physical devices was opened to research labs and manufacturers. That is the first capability class pointed at the physical occupations whose lines here barely move. GPT-6 Astra(2026-09-03);Claude Fable 5.1 / Mythos 5.1(2026-09-01);Model Hardware Standard 研究预览(2026-08-27) (2026-09-03) ↗

A flat line is not a forecast of safety. It says which tasks automation has reached so far — the occupations that moved least here are the ones where the constraint is physical or regulatory, and both of those can change.

Method and sources#

Assessment date
2026-09-13
Basis of the task judgements
3 evidence-backed · 3 platform inference · 0 not enough evidence
Verified events
2

How we assess an occupation →

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