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Which work in your company is changing

The unit is the task, not the job title. For each role you employ, this page separates the work whose method should change, the work that should stay with people, and the duties automation creates that nobody is doing yet.

Roles covered

160

Task judgements

814

Method should change

156

New duties created

Start with your own roles#

Paste the roles you employ — one per line, headcount optional. Each one is matched to an occupation on this site, and the ones we do not cover are named.

Paste your roles — one per line, headcount optional.

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Which layer this is#

Improve: this page. For a role you employ, which tasks are being automated, which are being assisted, which are still human-led, and which are new — each with the evidence behind it and the scope that evidence applies to. Roles are grouped by the function they sit in, because that is how a company is organised.

Transform and Build: not here yet. What the product, the org chart or the business model should become, what it would cost, how long it would take, and whether your systems can support it — those need per-company workflow and cost data we do not have. The page stops where the data stops instead of putting three confident headings over two empty ones.

Sales#

Turning demand into signed business — directly, and through other companies that sell on your behalf. 7 roles.

Sales / account manager4/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Putting the price and the proposal together ✓ Evidence-backed
Gathering supplier prices, assembling options, writing the proposal, and getting it back to the customer before they lose interest.
Working out who is worth your time ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading the enquiry, the company and the person behind it, and deciding whether this is a real budget with a real date or someone collecting quotes.

Keep people on it · 1

The conversation where it is decided ✓ Evidence-backed
Hearing the objection under the objection, knowing when to hold the price, when to walk, and being the person the customer calls when something goes wrong.

New duties · 1

Running the machine that now sells with you ≈ Platform inference
Checking what the assistant drafted before it goes out, correcting the price it suggested, feeding back what actually closed, and catching the confident mistake before the customer sees it.

Partnerships / channel manager4/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Working out which partner is real ✓ Evidence-backed
Mapping who already sells to the customers you want, then working out which of them has actual distribution rather than a logo page and a willingness to sign.
Counting what the channel actually produced ✓ Evidence-backed
Working out which revenue genuinely came through a partner rather than being attributed to one, and reporting it to people who would prefer a bigger number.

Keep people on it · 2

Agreeing what each side actually owes ≈ Platform inference
Margin splits, exclusivity, who owns the customer, what happens when it ends — and knowing which of those the other side will really fight for.
Keeping them selling after the announcement ≈ Platform inference
Training their salespeople, being the person they call, and finding out why a partner that signed enthusiastically has sent nothing in four months.

New duties · 1

Governing what partners say in your name ✓ Evidence-backed
Checking what a white-label or embedded partner publishes, quotes and promises as you — including the material their own tools now generate.

Real estate agent5/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Knowing what is for sale ✓ Evidence-backed
Holding the list: what is available, what just came on, what quietly came off.
Finding the next client ✓ Evidence-backed
Prospecting, farming a neighbourhood, staying the name someone thinks of in three years.

Keep people on it · 1

Getting two sides to agree ≈ Platform inference
The offer, the counter, the thing the survey found, the buyer whose finance fell through on a Friday.

New duties · 1

Answering for what you told them ✓ Evidence-backed
Disclosure: what you must tell a buyer, what you may not say at all, and what happens when a generated listing describes a property that does not exist.

Property appraiser / valuer5/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Analysing sales and estimating value ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing comparable sales, adjusting for differences and reaching a value for a lender or client.
Valuing properties for tax ✓ Evidence-backed
Valuing or banding large numbers of properties for property tax, and keeping the list up to date.

Keep people on it · 2

Inspecting the property ✓ Evidence-backed
Visiting the property, measuring it, noting condition and features, and photographing it.
Reviews, appeals and expert evidence ✓ Evidence-backed
Reviewing other valuations, defending a value when it is challenged, and giving evidence in disputes.

Insurance agent4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Filling in applications and collecting documents ✓ Evidence-backed
Completing proposal forms, gathering medical and identity documents and submitting them for underwriting.

Keep people on it · 2

Working out the cover a client needs and recommending it ✓ Evidence-backed
Asking about income, family, debts and existing policies, then recommending what to buy and how much cover to take.
Reviewing clients' cover as their lives change ≈ Platform inference
Going back to clients after marriage, children, a new job or an illness to check whether their cover still fits.

New duties · 1

Explaining online comparisons to clients ≈ Platform inference
Going through prices and features a client has already compared online, and explaining why a recommended policy differs from the cheapest one.

Travel agent / travel advisor4/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Finding and comparing options ≈ Platform inference
Searching flights, hotels and packages and comparing them for a client.
Booking and ticketing ✓ Evidence-backed
Making reservations, issuing tickets and processing payments.

Keep people on it · 1

Selling and advising on complex trips ✓ Evidence-backed
Understanding what a client wants and selling trips that are complicated, expensive or for groups.

Retail salesperson / shop assistant4/4 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Knowing what is actually in the back ✓ Evidence-backed
Answering whether it exists in that size, when the next delivery lands, and which other branch has one — accurately enough that someone will wait for it.
Taking the money and the return ✓ Evidence-backed
Payment, refunds, exchanges, the exception that needs a manager's code.

Keep people on it · 2

Working out what they actually want ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading someone who says they are just looking, asking the two questions that reveal the real constraint, and recommending against the expensive option when it is wrong.
Keeping the floor standing up ✓ Evidence-backed
Replenishing, folding, tidying, moving the display, and handling the customer who is upset about something that is not your fault.

Marketing & content#

Creating demand and the material that carries it — campaigns, copy, images, video. 13 roles.

Marketing specialist3/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Producing campaign content ✓ Evidence-backed
Posts, ad creative variants, landing page copy, email drafts, short videos — the raw material of every campaign.
Running paid media ✓ Evidence-backed
Setting up, bidding, targeting and optimising campaigns on ad platforms.

Keep people on it · 1

Understanding who actually buys and why ≈ Platform inference
Talking to customers, reading the sales calls, knowing what objection kills the deal and what phrase closes it.

New duties · 1

Operating the marketing automation itself ✓ Evidence-backed
Designing the prompts, workflows and guardrails that let tools produce and place content without embarrassing the brand.

Copywriter4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Producing volume copy ✓ Evidence-backed
Product descriptions, ad variants, SEO articles, social captions, email sequences — many pieces, small stakes each.

Keep people on it · 1

Finding the message ≈ Platform inference
Working out, from the product and the customer, the one thing worth saying and the angle that makes it land.

New duties · 1

Defining and policing a voice ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding how the brand sounds, writing that down in a way tools and colleagues can follow, and catching the drift.

Writer and author3/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Short fiction and open submission markets ✓ Evidence-backed
Selling stories and books through open submissions and self-publishing.

Keep people on it · 2

Screenwriting and rewrites ✓ Evidence-backed
Writing and rewriting scripts for film and television.
Rights and licensing ✓ Evidence-backed
Controlling and licensing the use of one's books and scripts, including for AI training.

Graphic designer4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Producing routine assets ✓ Evidence-backed
Resizing, versioning, banner sets, social variants, template fills.

Keep people on it · 2

Working out what the client actually needs ≈ Platform inference
Turning a vague or wrong brief into the real problem, before making anything.
Judging quality and defending the call ✓ Evidence-backed
Knowing what is good, in this context, for this audience — and holding the line in a review.

New duties · 1

Owning the system, not the artefact ✓ Evidence-backed
Defining the rules, components and constraints that keep output coherent when other people (and tools) produce it.

Photographer5/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Campaign and product imagery ✓ Evidence-backed
Shooting campaign, lifestyle and product images for brands and retailers.
Stock photography ✓ Evidence-backed
Producing images for licensing through stock agencies.

Keep people on it · 2

Portraits and events ≈ Platform inference
Photographing people, weddings and events in person.
News and documentary photography ✓ Evidence-backed
Photographing news and real events for publication as a truthful record.

Illustrator4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Editorial and commercial illustration ≈ Platform inference
Illustrating articles, advertising, packaging and marketing for clients.

Keep people on it · 1

Commissioned art for published products ✓ Evidence-backed
Creating final art for cards, books and games that a publisher commissions.

Fashion designer2/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 0New duties 0

Animator and VFX artist4/7 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Rotoscoping and compositing ✓ Evidence-backed
Cutting elements out of footage frame by frame and combining layers into a final shot.

Keep people on it · 1

Character animation ≈ Platform inference
Setting key poses and timing so characters act and move convincingly.

Video editor3/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Logging footage and assembling a rough cut ✓ Evidence-backed
Watching everything, tagging it, transcribing the interviews, pulling selects, laying down a first timeline.
Versions, formats and captions ✓ Evidence-backed
Cutting the same piece to six lengths and three aspect ratios, adding captions, exporting for every platform.

Keep people on it · 2

Finding the story and the rhythm ≈ Platform inference
Deciding what the piece is about, what to cut, where the beat lands, and when to hold a shot one second longer.
Reading and managing the client ≈ Platform inference
Translating 'make it pop' into a change, pushing back on the note that would ruin the piece, delivering on time anyway.

New duties · 1

Directing generated footage ✓ Evidence-backed
Producing shots that were never filmed — generated b-roll, extensions, replacements — and making them cut seamlessly with what was.

Voice actor4/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Narrating audiobooks and e-learning ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading books, courses and corporate material aloud, often for hours, with consistent pace and character voices.
Commercials, promos and phone systems ✓ Evidence-backed
Short reads for advertising, trailers, explainers and the recorded prompts of phone and in-store systems.

Keep people on it · 2

Performing characters for animation and games ≈ Platform inference
Creating and performing characters — reactions, efforts, emotion — often in sessions with a director and other actors.
Auditions, direction and the home studio ≈ Platform inference
Auditioning, taking direction live, and running a home studio good enough to record from.

New duties · 1

Deciding who may copy your voice ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading and negotiating the clauses that let a producer create and use a digital replica of your voice — for what, for how long and for how much.

Musician and composer3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Production, library and advertising music ≈ Platform inference
Writing background and stock music for videos, adverts and media libraries.

Keep people on it · 3

Performing live ≈ Platform inference
Playing and singing for audiences in venues, events and services.
Scoring film, television and games ✓ Evidence-backed
Composing and recording original scores for picture.
Rights, licensing and royalties ✓ Evidence-backed
Licensing music and collecting royalties, and controlling how a voice or style is used.

Actor and model4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Fashion and commercial modelling ✓ Evidence-backed
Posing for campaigns, catalogues, e-commerce and advertisements.

Keep people on it · 3

Principal screen performance ✓ Evidence-backed
Playing speaking and featured roles in film, television and streaming.
Stage and live performance ≈ Platform inference
Performing live in theatre and events.
Likeness rights and consent ✓ Evidence-backed
Controlling how one's face, body and performance are copied and used.

Content creator6/7 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Dubbing and translating for other languages ≈ Platform inference
Making the same video watchable in other languages — subtitles, voice-over, a second channel.

Keep people on it · 3

Being the face and the voice ✓ Evidence-backed
Presenting on camera or on the mic as a person the audience recognises and trusts — the reason they subscribed.
The community ✓ Evidence-backed
Replying to comments, running the live chat, moderating, and being someone the audience feels they know.
Sponsors, disclosure and platform rules ✓ Evidence-backed
Finding and negotiating sponsorships, declaring them properly, and keeping the channel inside each platform's changing rules.

Customer service#

Answering the customer after the sale, and absorbing what went wrong. 2 roles.

Customer service representative3/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Answering repeat questions ✓ Evidence-backed
The same fifty questions, asked in a thousand different ways.
Routing and triage ✓ Evidence-backed
Working out what the customer actually wants and sending it to whoever can do it.

Keep people on it · 2

Handling a customer who is already angry ≈ Platform inference
De-escalating someone who has been let down, often more than once.
Deciding an exception ≈ Platform inference
Choosing to refund, waive or override policy for a specific customer.

New duties · 1

Reviewing what the bot said ✓ Evidence-backed
Auditing automated conversations for wrong answers, bad tone and promises the company cannot keep.

Insurance claims handler5/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Taking the claim ✓ Evidence-backed
First notice of loss: what happened, when, what is damaged, what the policy is.

Keep people on it · 2

The claim that does not fit ≈ Platform inference
The one where the story does not add up, or the loss is real but the policy was never written for it.
Telling someone no ✓ Evidence-backed
Declining a claim to a person who believed they were covered, and holding that conversation.

Operations & fulfilment#

Making what was sold actually happen — scheduling, moving, storing, delivering. 18 roles.

Procurement / supply chain specialist4/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Finding and comparing suppliers ✓ Evidence-backed
Who can make this, at what price, to what spec, by when.
The order and the paperwork ≈ Platform inference
Raising the order, matching it to the invoice and the goods received, chasing the mismatch.

Keep people on it · 2

Negotiating with someone who will remember ✓ Evidence-backed
Agreeing a price with a supplier you will need again next quarter, and in a bad quarter.
Deciding who goes short ≈ Platform inference
When there is not enough to go round, choosing which line stops and which customer is told.

New duties · 1

Answering for who is in the chain ✓ Evidence-backed
Proving where things came from — sanctions, forced labour, emissions, conflict minerals — and being able to show it rather than assert it.

Operations coordinator6/6 evidenced

Change the method 3Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 3

Turning a signed order into a real thing happening ✓ Evidence-backed
Taking what was sold, working out what it actually requires, booking each piece in the right order, and confirming every piece is locked before the date arrives.
Getting the confirmation back out of someone upstream ✓ Evidence-backed
Emailing, calling and re-calling suppliers until availability, price and time are confirmed in writing, then noticing when a reply contradicts the last one.
The paperwork that has to be right ✓ Evidence-backed
Permits, manifests, insurance certificates, customs forms — collecting them, checking the names and numbers match, and catching the one field that is wrong before it stops everything.

Keep people on it · 1

After the plan breaks ✓ Evidence-backed
Something fell through at an hour when nobody answers: deciding in minutes what the least-bad rearrangement is, who to wake up, and what the customer is told.

New duties · 1

Watching the automatic flow for quiet mistakes ✓ Evidence-backed
Spot-checking what the workflow booked, confirmed and sent on its own, and finding the confident error — the one that looks like a normal record and is not.

Supply chain planner4/4 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Demand forecasting ✓ Evidence-backed
Producing the forecast of what customers will buy, by item, place and week, and adjusting it for promotions and events.
Replenishment and inventory ✓ Evidence-backed
Setting safety stock and reorder quantities, deciding what to replenish where, and moving excess stock to where it is needed.

Keep people on it · 1

Planning meetings and trade-offs ✓ Evidence-backed
Balancing supply against sales in sales and operations planning, deciding what gives when capacity, cost and service conflict, and answering for the plan.

Metro train driver6/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 2

Change the method · 2

Driving between stations ✓ Evidence-backed
Setting the train in motion, holding the speed the signalling allows, and stopping it at the right point on the platform, several hundred times a shift.
Closing the doors ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding the platform is clear and the train may leave — the last thing a driver does before the train moves, and the thing that decides whether the timetable holds.

Keep people on it · 2

When the train stops in a tunnel ✓ Evidence-backed
A fire alarm, a person on the track, a failure between stations: deciding what to tell four hundred people, whether to move, and when to open a door onto a live railway.
Being a person who is there ✓ Evidence-backed
Answering the help point, walking the platform, dealing with the passenger who is drunk, lost, unwell or frightened — the part of the job that has no timetable.

New duties · 2

Running the line from a screen ✓ Evidence-backed
Watching every train on the line at once from the control centre, spotting the one that is behaving oddly, and deciding what to regulate before passengers notice.
Taking the train back by hand ✓ Evidence-backed
Driving manually when the automation will not run: a degraded signalling mode, a section under works, moving a failed train out of the way.

Air traffic controller5/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Keep people on it · 3

Keeping aircraft apart ✓ Evidence-backed
Holding a moving picture of a sector in your head and issuing the instructions that keep every pair of aircraft further apart than the minimum, continuously, for the length of a shift.
When the plan breaks ✓ Evidence-backed
An emergency, a radio failure, a runway incursion, a line of weather that closes the arrival gate — the minutes where the standard procedure has run out and someone has to build a new plan while the old one is still moving.
Getting the watch covered ✓ Evidence-backed
Building the roster, filling the holes, tracking time and attendance — the work that decides whether a facility runs a six-day week, done at the facility by people drawn from the same workforce.

New duties · 1

Making room for traffic that has no pilot ≈ Platform inference
Working out how uncrewed aircraft and new kinds of air vehicle share a sector with conventional traffic, and what you say to something that has no one aboard to say it to.

Airline pilot6/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Keep people on it · 3

Flying it by hand ✓ Evidence-backed
Take-off, the approach, the landing, and any moment the automation is switched off — the part of the job where the aircraft goes where your hands put it.
When two systems disagree ✓ Evidence-backed
An engine failure, a decompression, a warning that contradicts another warning, weather that closes the destination after the point where you could have gone elsewhere.
The decision that is signed ✓ Evidence-backed
Accepting the aircraft, the fuel, the weather and the plan — and being the person named when any of them turns out to have been wrong.

New duties · 1

A type rating for an aircraft that did not exist ✓ Evidence-backed
Learning to operate a class of aircraft that only exists because of new propulsion and control automation — and helping work out what its training and checking should even consist of.

Aircraft maintenance technician3/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Troubleshooting and repair ≈ Platform inference
Isolating faults, replacing and repairing components, and doing the physical work on the aircraft to the maintenance manual.
Signing off and return to service ✓ Evidence-backed
Approving the work and the aircraft for return to service, and signing the maintenance record that says so.

Cabin crew5/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Onboard sales and flight paperwork ≈ Platform inference
Selling duty-free and onboard items, handling payments, counting stock and filing the post-flight reports.

Keep people on it · 3

Being ready to evacuate the aircraft ✓ Evidence-backed
Sitting at an assigned exit for take-off and landing, and in an emergency opening the exits, commanding passengers and getting everyone off within seconds.
Handling medical and security incidents ✓ Evidence-backed
Giving first aid, managing a passenger taken ill, and dealing with disruptive or dangerous behaviour until the aircraft can land.
Leading the cabin as crew-in-charge ✓ Evidence-backed
Running the cabin team, briefing them, and answering to the captain for the safety functions of every cabin crew member.

Container port worker4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Moving the box between quay and yard ✓ Evidence-backed
Driving a prime mover under the crane, taking the container to the right stack, waiting, and doing it again several hundred times a shift.

Keep people on it · 2

Lashing the boxes down ≈ Platform inference
Climbing onto a stack to fit and remove the rods and cones that stop a container leaving the ship in bad weather, outdoors, at height, in any weather.
What the contract says a machine may do ✓ Evidence-backed
The clause that decides, before any technology question is asked, whether a terminal may run a crane remotely and who must be holding the controls.

New duties · 1

Keeping the fleet running ✓ Evidence-backed
Recovering the vehicle that has stopped, swapping what has worn out, and reading the system logs against what is actually happening on the wharf.

Warehouse worker3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Moving goods around the building ✓ Evidence-backed
Walking or driving pallets, totes and shelves from where they are to where they need to be.

Keep people on it · 1

Handling what the system cannot ≈ Platform inference
Damaged goods, mislabelled bins, a jam in the conveyor, a return that does not match its record.

New duties · 1

Operating and maintaining the robot fleet ✓ Evidence-backed
Monitoring the fleet, recovering stuck robots, swapping batteries, running the first-line maintenance.

Truck driver3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Highway driving ✓ Evidence-backed
The long, structurally simple middle of a trip — controlled access, predictable lanes, no pedestrians.

Keep people on it · 3

Being responsible for the load ✓ Evidence-backed
Securing, checking, signing for, and answering for cargo that is damaged, short or refused.
Yard manoeuvring and docking ≈ Platform inference
Backing a trailer into a tight bay, in a yard with people walking around and no lane markings.
Handling the trip going wrong ≈ Platform inference
Breakdowns, closures, weather, a receiver who will not accept, a gate that is locked.

New duties · 1

Remote supervision of autonomous fleets ✓ Evidence-backed
Monitoring several autonomous trucks from a desk and intervening when one gets stuck.

Delivery rider / courier5/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Deciding what to deliver next and which way to go ✓ Evidence-backed
Order allocation, batching and routing across a shift.

Keep people on it · 2

The last fifty metres ✓ Evidence-backed
The lift that needs a code, the gate, the sixth floor with no lift, the customer who does not answer, the wrong address.
Managing the platform and the earnings ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing when and where to work, understanding the pay algorithm, disputing a penalty, keeping the rating up.

New duties · 1

Loading, recovering and supervising delivery robots ✓ Evidence-backed
Where robots or drones operate, someone loads them, retrieves the stuck one and handles the delivery it could not finish.

Ride-hail / taxi driver3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Driving the trip ✓ Evidence-backed
Getting the passenger from pickup to drop-off through city traffic, safely and by a sensible route.

Keep people on it · 3

Handling the passenger ≈ Platform inference
The drunk, the frightened, the lost, the one with a wheelchair, the one who will not get out, the medical emergency.
Roads that are not on the map ≈ Platform inference
The unmarked roadworks, the traffic officer's hand signal, the flooded underpass, the airport pickup chaos.
Working the platform ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing hours and zones, reading surge, managing acceptance rates, and absorbing the vehicle, fuel and insurance costs.

New duties · 1

Remote assistance and fleet operations ✓ Evidence-backed
Monitoring vehicles, resolving stuck ones, cleaning and repositioning the fleet, handling the passenger the car cannot.

Bus driver4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 2

Change the method · 1

Driving the route ✓ Evidence-backed
Keeping a full-size vehicle on a fixed route through mixed traffic, stop by stop, to a timetable.

Keep people on it · 2

The passenger in trouble ≈ Platform inference
The collapse at the back, the fight, the lost child, the drunk who will not get off — the moment the bus stops being transport and becomes a small public space someone has to be responsible for.
When the route does not go to plan ≈ Platform inference
Road works, a diversion, a flooded underpass, a breakdown in the middle lane — getting the service and the people on it somewhere safe.

New duties · 2

Watching the bus drive itself ✓ Evidence-backed
Sitting in the driver's seat of an autonomous bus, not driving it, ready to take over when it hesitates or errs.
Supervising several buses from a control room ✓ Evidence-backed
Monitoring a group of autonomous vehicles on screens, deciding what to do when one stops, and dispatching help to the road.

Assembly line worker3/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Repetitive assembly at a fixed station ✓ Evidence-backed
The same insertion, fastening or joining operation on identical parts, at line speed.
Inspection and quality checks ≈ Platform inference
Looking at the part or the product and deciding whether it passes.

Keep people on it · 1

Dexterous or variable assembly ≈ Platform inference
Routing cables, fitting flexible parts, aligning things by feel, handling the product that comes in twelve variants.

New duties · 1

Programming and maintaining the robots ✓ Evidence-backed
Teaching a robot a new path, adjusting the vision system, running preventive maintenance on the line's automation.

Cleaner / janitor4/4 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Large open floors ✓ Evidence-backed
Scrubbing and vacuuming a big, mostly empty, mostly flat space — an airport concourse, a supermarket aisle, a warehouse.
Being scheduled and measured ✓ Evidence-backed
Clocking in at a site, following a route sheet, and having the work verified — increasingly by a sensor, a QR scan or a photograph.

Keep people on it · 2

The awkward square metres ✓ Evidence-backed
Edges, corners, stairs, under things, behind things, bathrooms — and whatever has been spilled, broken or left behind today.
Noticing what the building is doing ✓ Evidence-backed
The leak that has not reached the ceiling yet, the door that stopped latching, the smell in the plant room — spotted because you are the only person who walks every part of the building every day.

Security guard4/4 evidenced

Change the method 3Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 3

Watching the screens ✓ Evidence-backed
Sitting in front of a wall of camera feeds looking for the thing that is out of place.
Controlling the door ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding who comes in: badges, visitors, deliveries, the contractor who is not on the list but is expected.
The log and the report ✓ Evidence-backed
Recording patrols, incidents and handovers in a form that will stand up if it is ever read in an investigation.

Keep people on it · 1

Walking toward the situation ✓ Evidence-backed
Being the person who physically approaches the argument, the intruder, the person who is unwell — and de-escalates it or calls it in.

E-commerce operations specialist2/4 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Writing the listing ✓ Evidence-backed
Titles, keywords, descriptions, the detail images and the variant table — for hundreds or thousands of items.
Buying the traffic ✓ Evidence-backed
Bidding, budgets and the daily decision about how much to pay for a customer this platform will rent you.

Keep people on it · 2

Reading what the numbers mean ≈ Platform inference
Noticing that conversion fell because of a review, a competitor's price, a rule change or a picture that stopped loading — from a dashboard that says none of those things.
The platform changed the rules again ≈ Platform inference
Working out what a new policy, fee or ranking change actually means for this shop, and what to do about it before competitors do.

Finance#

Keeping the books true, closing the period, and telling management what the numbers mean. 10 roles.

Accountant / Bookkeeper4/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Entering and coding transactions ✓ Evidence-backed
Taking invoices, receipts and bank lines and putting them into the ledger under the right account.
Reconciliation ✓ Evidence-backed
Matching ledger entries against bank statements and sub-ledgers, and chasing the differences.

Keep people on it · 2

Explaining the numbers to decision-makers ≈ Platform inference
Translating financial position into what a founder, manager or board should actually do about it.
Judging the ambiguous case ≈ Platform inference
Deciding treatment when the rule does not cleanly cover the transaction.

New duties · 1

Supervising the automation itself ✓ Evidence-backed
Checking what the tools produced, catching silent errors, and owning the result when a model got it wrong.

Auditor6/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Sampling and testing ✓ Evidence-backed
Pulling a sample of transactions and checking them against the supporting documents.

Keep people on it · 3

Deciding where to look ✓ Evidence-backed
Risk assessment: which accounts, which estimates, which part of this business could hide something.
Asking the question that gets a real answer ✓ Evidence-backed
Sitting across from a finance director and working out what is not being said.
Signing it ✓ Evidence-backed
Being the named person whose licence stands behind the opinion, and who answers if it was wrong.

New duties · 1

Owning what the machine drafted ✓ Evidence-backed
Checking machine-drafted professional output before it leaves under the firm's name — citations, quotations, the things that look right.

Financial analyst5/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Gathering data and summarising filings ✓ Evidence-backed
Pulling numbers from reports, transcribing earnings calls, summarising 200-page filings into a page.

Keep people on it · 1

Deciding what to assume ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing the growth rate, the margin path, the discount rate — and being able to say why to someone who disagrees.

New duties · 1

Orchestrating the analytical tooling ✓ Evidence-backed
Setting up the data feeds, model assistants and checks so the team's output is fast and trustworthy.

Quantitative analyst5/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Model validation and challenge ✓ Evidence-backed
Independently testing whether models are sound, challenging their assumptions and approving them for use.
Deploying strategies and answering for them ✓ Evidence-backed
Taking strategies live, approving changes, and being the person responsible for what an algorithm does in the market.

Loan officer / credit officer4/4 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Scoring the application ✓ Evidence-backed
Turning income, history and collateral into a decision about the ordinary case that fits the policy.
Gathering the file ✓ Evidence-backed
Chasing documents, verifying them, filling the forms, and getting the package to a state where somebody will look at it.

Keep people on it · 2

Arguing the exception ✓ Evidence-backed
The self-employed applicant whose income is real and does not look it, the business with one bad year for a reason — building the case for lending outside the model.
Being the name on the file ✓ Evidence-backed
Approving within your limit, and answering for the decision at the credit committee and, later, to the regulator.

Actuary4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Preparing the data and the experience study ≈ Platform inference
Pulling policy and claims records together, cleaning them, and working out what actually happened against what was assumed.

Keep people on it · 2

Signing off on the numbers ✓ Evidence-backed
Giving the formal opinion that the reserves are adequate or the underwriting policy is sound — the statement a regulator reads with a person's name on it.
Explaining the number to the people who decide ≈ Platform inference
Telling a board, a product team or a regulator what the model assumes, where it is weak, and what would change the answer.

New duties · 1

Testing a model for unfair discrimination ✓ Evidence-backed
Running the checks that show whether a model treats protected groups differently, before it goes live and again afterwards, and documenting the answer.

Insurance underwriter4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Underwriting standard applications ✓ Evidence-backed
Accepting or declining straightforward applications — healthy applicants, small sums, standard small-business risks — against the insurer's rules.

Keep people on it · 1

Referrals, agents and brokers ≈ Platform inference
Handling the cases the rules refer out, answering agents' and brokers' questions, and explaining a decline or a loading.

New duties · 1

Maintaining the rules the machine decides by ✓ Evidence-backed
Writing and tuning automated underwriting rules, checking their decisions, and watching for unfair or drifting outcomes.

Financial adviser / financial planner5/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Building and rebalancing portfolios for smaller investors ✓ Evidence-backed
Putting a beginner or small investor into a diversified portfolio and keeping it in line over time.

Keep people on it · 1

Staying with the client over time ✓ Evidence-backed
Regular reviews, adjusting the plan when life changes, and helping clients hold their nerve when markets fall.

New duties · 1

Checking advice clients bring from software ≈ Platform inference
Reviewing plans and product suggestions clients got from chatbots or apps, and explaining where they do not fit.

Tax preparer / tax agent6/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Preparing simple individual returns ✓ Evidence-backed
Filling in returns for people whose income is mainly a salary and whose reliefs are standard.
Gathering income records ✓ Evidence-backed
Collecting pay slips, commission statements and other income records from clients before a return can be done.

Keep people on it · 2

Advising on reliefs and planning ✓ Evidence-backed
Telling clients which reliefs they can claim, and how decisions such as selling property or starting a business will affect their tax.
Dealing with the tax authority ✓ Evidence-backed
Answering the authority's queries, objecting to assessments and representing clients in audits.

New duties · 1

Checking pre-filled tax bills ✓ Evidence-backed
Reviewing tax bills and returns the authority has already filled in, and catching income or reliefs that are missing or wrong.

Payroll specialist / payroll clerk1/4 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Calculating and running payroll ≈ Platform inference
Collecting hours, leave and changes, calculating gross-to-net pay, and running each pay cycle.
Tax and social-contribution filings ✓ Evidence-backed
Preparing and submitting the pay, tax and social-security returns employers owe the state.

Keep people on it · 1

Compliance, exceptions and corrections ≈ Platform inference
Applying changing rules, handling unusual cases, fixing errors and reconciling payroll with the accounts.

People & HR#

Finding, hiring and keeping the people the other functions need. 1 roles.

HR / recruiter3/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Sourcing and screening candidates ✓ Evidence-backed
Searching for profiles, reading hundreds of applications, scheduling and running first-round screens.
HR administration ✓ Evidence-backed
Onboarding paperwork, payroll inputs, leave, benefits queries, policy questions answered for the hundredth time.

Keep people on it · 2

Deciding whom to hire ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading a person in an interview, weighing the panel's disagreement, and making the call the manager will live with.
Handling difficult situations ≈ Platform inference
Grievances, performance problems, restructurings, the conversation nobody wants to have.

New duties · 1

Redesigning jobs around automation ≈ Platform inference
Working out which tasks in which roles are changing, what the new roles look like, and how to move people into them.

Legal & compliance#

Saying what the company may do, and carrying the consequence when it is wrong. 6 roles.

Lawyer4/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Keep people on it · 2

Giving advice someone will act on ✓ Evidence-backed
Telling a client what to do given the law, the facts, the money and the risk they can stomach.
Advocacy and appearances ≈ Platform inference
Standing up in a room and persuading a judge, tribunal, regulator or counterparty in real time.

New duties · 1

Supervising machine-assisted work ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding what the tools may be used for, and signing for the output as if you had done it yourself.

Paralegal3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

First-pass document review ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading thousands of emails, contracts or disclosures to flag which ones matter for the case or the deal.

Keep people on it · 1

Client and witness contact ≈ Platform inference
Getting documents out of a reluctant client, preparing a nervous witness, explaining what happens next.

New duties · 1

Checking what the tools produced ✓ Evidence-backed
Confirming that a cited case exists, that a summary matches the source, that a generated clause does not contradict another.

Court reporter2/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Recording court proceedings ✓ Evidence-backed
Capturing every word of a hearing as it happens.
Live captioning ≈ Platform inference
Writing live text of speech for broadcasts, events and people with hearing loss.

Keep people on it · 2

Swearing in and certifying the record ✓ Evidence-backed
Swearing in witnesses and certifying that a transcript is accurate.
Reporting depositions ≈ Platform inference
Recording sworn testimony taken outside court for litigation.

Judge / magistrate5/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Hearing cases and running proceedings ✓ Evidence-backed
Presiding in court, hearing evidence and argument, and keeping proceedings fair and orderly.
Deciding the case ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding who wins, what the law requires and what sentence to impose.

Compliance officer4/4 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Working the alerts ✓ Evidence-backed
Transaction monitoring, sanctions screening, the flagged payment — deciding which of hundreds is worth investigating.
Proving it was done ✓ Evidence-backed
Keeping the record that shows a control operated, a decision was reviewed and a policy was followed — for a regulator who will arrive later.

Keep people on it · 1

Saying no to the business ✓ Evidence-backed
Blocking a deal, a client or a product launch, and holding the position when the revenue owner escalates.

Notary3/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Keeping registers and records ✓ Evidence-backed
Keeping the original deeds and registers, issuing copies and passing data to registries and authorities.

Keep people on it · 2

Explaining and witnessing signatures ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading or explaining the document to the parties and witnessing them sign, in person or by video where the law allows.
Drafting deeds (civil-law notaries) ≈ Platform inference
Drafting property sales, wills, company documents and other deeds so that they are valid and enforceable.

Technology & data#

Building and running the systems the business works through, and reading what they record. 20 roles.

Junior software developer4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Writing routine code ✓ Evidence-backed
CRUD endpoints, forms, standard integrations, tests for known patterns.

Keep people on it · 2

Turning a vague request into a spec ≈ Platform inference
Asking the questions that reveal what should actually be built.
Deciding how pieces fit together ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing structure and trade-offs that will still hold in two years.

New duties · 1

Reviewing generated code ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading plausible code carefully enough to catch what is confidently wrong.

Experienced software engineer4/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 4New duties 2

Keep people on it · 4

Changing a system you did not write ✓ Evidence-backed
Making a change inside a large, long-lived codebase where the constraints are undocumented and live in what previous decisions already committed to.
Designing for how it fails ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing a structure, and choosing which failure modes to accept — knowing what happens at 3am when a dependency is down and half the requests are already in flight.
Deciding what ships ≈ Platform inference
Being the person who says this goes out now, with this known risk, and answers for it afterwards.
Making someone else able to do it ≈ Platform inference
Review that teaches, pairing, and the deliberate handing over of context — the mechanism by which a team keeps having people who can judge.

New duties · 2

Reviewing what the machine wrote ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading code you did not write and were not there for, and deciding whether it is right — at a volume that rises as generation gets cheaper.
Owning the agents that write and change code ✓ Evidence-backed
Setting what an automated coding agent may do unattended, what it must ask about, and where its output enters the branch — then being the name attached to that setting.

Frontend developer5/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Turning a design into a working interface ✓ Evidence-backed
Taking a mockup or a description and producing the markup, styles and component structure that render it.

Keep people on it · 3

The states nobody drew ≈ Platform inference
Empty, loading, partial, offline, error, slow, and the one where the user pressed the button twice — deciding what each should do and making it happen.
Making it work for everyone, because it is required ✓ Evidence-backed
Keyboard paths, screen-reader semantics, contrast, focus order — and, increasingly, being able to show that you did it.
Owning the components everyone else uses ✓ Evidence-backed
The shared library: deciding what belongs in it, what a change breaks, and who has to be told.

New duties · 1

Building interfaces for things that answer back ✓ Evidence-backed
Streaming responses, uncertainty, citations, stop buttons, and what the screen does when the model is wrong or slow.

Backend developer6/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 4New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Endpoints and the plumbing between them ✓ Evidence-backed
CRUD, validation, serialisation, calling one service from another, and the tests for all of it.

Keep people on it · 4

Keeping it correct when things happen at once ✓ Evidence-backed
Transactions, idempotency, retries, ordering — deciding what must never be true and making sure it never is.
The data model, and changing it while it is in use ✓ Evidence-backed
Designing what is stored, and migrating it later without stopping the service or losing anything.
Who is allowed to see what ✓ Evidence-backed
Authorisation, tenancy boundaries, what leaks through an error message, and what an internal endpoint exposes if someone finds it.
Being the one the pager wakes ✓ Evidence-backed
On-call: deciding under time pressure what to roll back, what to degrade, and what to tell people while it is still broken.

Data engineer4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Building the pipeline ✓ Evidence-backed
Extracting from a source, reshaping it, loading it somewhere queryable, and scheduling the whole thing.

Keep people on it · 3

When the data is wrong and nothing errored ✓ Evidence-backed
A field changed meaning upstream, a job ran twice, a timezone shifted — and every dashboard is still green.
Owning what a number means ✓ Evidence-backed
Defining active user, revenue, churn — and holding that definition when two teams want it to mean different things.
What must be kept, deleted, or never collected ≈ Platform inference
Retention windows, deletion requests, where personal data is allowed to sit, and being able to show it.

New duties · 1

Feeding the systems that answer in sentences ✓ Evidence-backed
Getting the right documents, the right freshness and the right access rules into whatever the AI feature reads from.

Machine learning engineer6/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Building a model for the problem ✓ Evidence-backed
Picking an architecture, training it on your data, tuning it until the numbers move.
Hand-crafting the inputs ✓ Evidence-backed
Designing the derived signals a model learns from, by hand, from domain knowledge.

Keep people on it · 1

Deciding what counts as good enough ✓ Evidence-backed
Building the test set, choosing the metric, and saying whether this thing may be used on real people yet.

New duties · 1

Answering for what it does to people ✓ Evidence-backed
Explaining a decision the system made about someone, showing the inputs were fit for the purpose, and being the named person when it is challenged.

AI researcher5/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Turning an idea into a running experiment ✓ Evidence-backed
Writing the training code, the evaluation harness and the infrastructure that lets an idea be tested at all.
Keeping the rig running ✓ Evidence-backed
Diagnosing why a run died, why the cluster is idle, why the numbers from two machines disagree — the plumbing between an idea and a result.

Keep people on it · 3

Reading what a result actually means ≈ Platform inference
Deciding whether the number moved for the reason you think, whether it will hold at a larger scale, and whether it is worth anything outside the benchmark.
Choosing what to work on at all ✓ Evidence-backed
Picking which direction is worth a quarter of a team's compute, and which promising thing to stop.
Stopping it ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding that something must be paused, restricted or not shipped — and being the person who says so while the work is going well.

New duties · 1

Steering the thing that runs the experiment ✓ Evidence-backed
Watching a long agent task, noticing it has gone the wrong way, and stepping in — repeatedly, before the result is worth anything.

Software tester / QA engineer5/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Manual regression testing ✓ Evidence-backed
Clicking through the same flows every release to confirm nothing that used to work has broken.
Writing test cases and automation ✓ Evidence-backed
Turning requirements into cases, and cases into scripts that run in the pipeline.

Keep people on it · 2

Exploratory and adversarial testing ✓ Evidence-backed
Trying the thing nobody specified: the weird input, the race, the user who does step 3 before step 2.
Deciding whether it ships ✓ Evidence-backed
Weighing the open bugs, the risk, the deadline and the business, and saying yes or no.

New duties · 1

Testing systems with a model inside ✓ Evidence-backed
Evaluating software whose output is not deterministic — building evaluation sets, catching regressions in behaviour, testing for harmful outputs.

Data analyst5/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Writing queries and building dashboards ✓ Evidence-backed
Translating 'how many users did X last month' into SQL, and wiring the result into a chart someone can refresh.

Keep people on it · 2

Working out what is really being asked ✓ Evidence-backed
Turning a manager's vague worry into a measurable question, and knowing which definition of 'active user' they mean.
Knowing when the data is lying ✓ Evidence-backed
Spotting the broken pipeline, the duplicated events, the timezone bug, the definition that changed in March.

New duties · 1

Owning the definitions the tools rely on ✓ Evidence-backed
Maintaining the metric definitions, the documentation and the semantic layer that make natural-language querying produce correct answers.

Data scientist2/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Keep people on it · 3

Framing the question and the metric ≈ Platform inference
Working out what the decision-maker actually needs to know, and which measurable quantity would answer it without rewarding the wrong thing.
Explaining what it means, and what it does not ≈ Platform inference
Presenting the result so the person deciding understands the uncertainty, the assumptions and what would change the answer.
Designing experiments and reading causes ≈ Platform inference
Setting up the A/B test or the study so the answer can be trusted, and saying whether a change caused the result or merely came with it.

New duties · 1

Challenging and auditing models ✓ Evidence-backed
Independently testing someone else's model — whether it works, where it fails, whether it treats groups unfairly — and documenting it for a regulator or auditor.

Statistician5/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Processing and coding data ✓ Evidence-backed
Cleaning, editing and classifying responses so that they can be counted, such as coding written answers into occupations and industries.

Keep people on it · 2

Designing surveys, samples and trials ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding who to sample, how many, how to ask and how to analyse, and writing the analysis plan before data arrive.
Advising and communicating results ✓ Evidence-backed
Explaining what results mean and how far they can be trusted to policymakers, clinicians and the public.

Economist3/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Keep people on it · 1

Policy analysis and advice ✓ Evidence-backed
Turning analysis into judgements for decision-makers: briefings, scenarios and recommendations they will act on.

Business analyst1/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Workshops and stakeholder alignment ≈ Platform inference
Running workshops, resolving conflicting demands between departments, and getting agreement on scope and priorities.
Acceptance and change management ≈ Platform inference
Checking with users that what was delivered meets the requirements, handling change requests, and preparing people for the new way of working.

Business systems owner5/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Keeping the records worth trusting ✓ Evidence-backed
Duplicates, half-filled fields, statuses nobody updates, three spellings of the same customer — finding them and deciding which version is the real one.
Making the numbers mean something ✓ Evidence-backed
Building the reports management steers by, and being the one who knows which of those numbers is solid and which is held together by an assumption.

Keep people on it · 1

Getting the team to use it properly ✓ Evidence-backed
Training, answering the same question for the fifth time, and finding out that the reason a field is always empty is that filling it costs someone twenty seconds they do not have.

New duties · 1

Deciding what the system may decide alone ✓ Evidence-backed
Which actions the automation takes without a person — assigning an owner, scoring a lead, sending a message, closing a record — and what happens when it is unsure.

IT support specialist / helpdesk3/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

The ticket you have seen four hundred times ✓ Evidence-backed
Password resets, account unlocks, access requests, the printer, the VPN — the same twenty problems that make up most of the queue.

Keep people on it · 3

Finding out what actually happened ✓ Evidence-backed
Reconstructing the real sequence of events from a report that is confident, well-meaning and wrong about a key detail.
Going to the desk ≈ Platform inference
The physical half: hardware swaps, cabling, the meeting room that will not project, setting up the new starter.
Being the one who says no ✓ Evidence-backed
Refusing the access request that should not be granted, spotting the call that is a social-engineering attempt, and deciding what a person is allowed to do to their own machine.

Security analyst (SOC)3/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Working the alert queue ✓ Evidence-backed
Going through hundreds of alerts a shift and deciding which two are worth looking at.

Keep people on it · 2

Deciding it is an incident ✓ Evidence-backed
Calling it: waking people up, pulling a system off the network, telling the business it has a problem — on incomplete information and before you can be sure.
Looking for what nothing alerted on ✓ Evidence-backed
Starting from a hypothesis rather than an alert — assuming something is already inside and going to look for it.

DevOps engineer / platform engineer / SRE3/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Writing the configuration ✓ Evidence-backed
Infrastructure as code, pipeline definitions, manifests — the large volume of structured text that describes what should exist.

Keep people on it · 2

Being woken up ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding at 3 a.m., under time pressure and with partial information, what to roll back, what to degrade and what to tell people while it is still broken.
Deciding how it should be built ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing the architecture, the failure modes you are willing to have, and what the team will still be able to operate in two years.

Network engineer4/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 0New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Configuration and changes ✓ Evidence-backed
Making configuration changes to routers, switches, firewalls and radio networks, and managing them safely.
Routine administration ≈ Platform inference
Keeping enterprise networks and systems patched, backed up and running day to day.

Technical writer / documentation engineer3/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Drafting the reference ✓ Evidence-backed
The API reference, the parameter table, the release note, the changelog entry — documentation whose content is determined by the code.

Keep people on it · 3

Actually using the thing you are documenting ✓ Evidence-backed
Following your own instructions on a clean machine and finding the step that was obvious to the engineer and impossible for everyone else.
Deciding what does not get written ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing which twenty per cent of the surface area gets documented properly, and refusing the rest.
Getting the answer out of an engineer ≈ Platform inference
Working out which of five people knows why it behaves like that, and getting fifteen minutes of their time to find out.

Grant writer / grants officer2/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Finding and screening funding ≈ Platform inference
Finding funders and calls that fit the organisation's work, and deciding which are worth applying for.
Reporting to funders ≈ Platform inference
Writing progress and final reports that show what the money achieved, and keeping records funders can audit.

Product & design#

Deciding what the thing should be, and what it should be like to use. 2 roles.

Product / UX designer5/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Producing screens and components ✓ Evidence-backed
Turning a decided flow into high-fidelity mockups, states, variants and hand-off specs.

Keep people on it · 2

Defining the right problem ✓ Evidence-backed
Working out what users are actually trying to do, where the current product fails them, and what is worth fixing first.
Getting the team to agree ✓ Evidence-backed
Persuading engineering that the extra state is worth building and product that the shortcut will cost users, in the same week.

New duties · 1

Designing for non-deterministic products ✓ Evidence-backed
Shaping products whose output varies — conversational interfaces, agents, generated content — where the old screen-by-screen craft does not apply.

Product manager4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 4New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Writing the requirement down ✓ Evidence-backed
Specs, tickets, acceptance criteria, the document that goes to engineering and the deck that goes upward.

Keep people on it · 4

Deciding what not to build ✓ Evidence-backed
Saying no to a customer, an executive and an engineer in the same week, with a reason each of them can repeat.
Finding out what is actually wrong ✓ Evidence-backed
Talking to people who use the thing, and working out which of what they said is true, which is polite, and which is a solution in disguise.
Getting three teams to move together ≈ Platform inference
Engineering, design, sales, legal and support all acting on the same decision, none of whom report to you.
Being wrong in public ≈ Platform inference
The feature shipped, the number did not move, and somebody has to say so and decide what happens next.

New duties · 1

Specifying what a generative feature may do to a user ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding what the feature is allowed to get wrong, what it must show its working for, what it must refuse, and what happens when it fails in front of a customer.

Administration#

The coordination, records and scheduling everything else assumes is already handled. 5 roles.

Administrative assistant3/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Scheduling and correspondence ✓ Evidence-backed
Finding the slot six people can make, drafting the reply, chasing the confirmation, rescheduling when it all moves.
Expenses, travel and documents ✓ Evidence-backed
Booking, reconciling, filing, formatting, and getting the right form to the right system.

Keep people on it · 2

Gatekeeping and knowing what matters ≈ Platform inference
Deciding who gets through, what the executive needs to see today, and what can wait — based on knowing the person and the organisation.
Events and physical logistics ≈ Platform inference
The offsite, the board dinner, the visitor who arrives early, the projector that does not work.

New duties · 1

Operating the executive's assistants ✓ Evidence-backed
Configuring, supervising and correcting the software assistants that now handle the routine — and catching what they get wrong.

Data entry clerk2/4 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Keying data from documents ✓ Evidence-backed
Typing data from paper forms, scans and statements into systems.
Opening mail and preparing documents ≈ Platform inference
Opening, sorting and preparing paper for scanning or keying.

Keep people on it · 1

Handling exceptions ≈ Platform inference
Dealing with documents the system cannot read, sensitive data and unusual cases.

Government service clerk6/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Taking the application ✓ Evidence-backed
Checking that the materials are complete, that the identity matches, and that this is the right counter.

Keep people on it · 3

The case the form was not written for ✓ Evidence-backed
The applicant whose documents were destroyed, whose household registration does not match, whose situation has no box.
The person who cannot use the app ✓ Evidence-backed
The older applicant, the one without a smartphone, the one whose name the system cannot render.
Getting departments to move together ✓ Evidence-backed
One life event that touches four agencies with four rules, four systems and four definitions of the same word.

New duties · 1

Answering for what the platform decided ✓ Evidence-backed
Explaining to a citizen why the system rejected them, and being the route by which that gets fixed.

Receptionist / front desk3/4 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Signing people in ✓ Evidence-backed
Visitor registration, badges, notifying the host, the delivery, the courier who needs a signature.
The phone and the routing ≈ Platform inference
Working out, from a vague description of a problem, which of forty people is the right one — and whether this caller should reach them at all.

Keep people on it · 1

Whatever walks in ✓ Evidence-backed
The unhappy visitor, the alarm, the person who is unwell in the lobby, the journalist, the delivery of something nobody ordered.

Medical coder4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Coding short, routine charts ✓ Evidence-backed
High-volume encounters with short, standard documents — imaging reports, lab orders, simple outpatient visits.

Keep people on it · 1

Querying doctors when the record is unclear ✓ Evidence-backed
Asking the treating doctor to clarify a diagnosis that is missing, vague or contradictory before the chart can be coded.

New duties · 1

Reviewing codes that software suggested or assigned ✓ Evidence-backed
Accepting, correcting or rejecting machine-suggested codes, and working the queue of charts the software could not code with confidence.

First-line management#

The layer above the work: allocating it, watching it, and answering for it. 3 roles.

First-line manager / team supervisor4/6 evidenced

Change the method 3Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 3

Deciding who does what today ✓ Evidence-backed
Matching people to shifts, jobs and queues — who is free, who is fast at this, who is owed a better week — and reshuffling the whole thing when someone calls in sick.
Writing the review and giving the feedback ✓ Evidence-backed
Assembling half a year of someone's work into an assessment, saying it to their face, and defending it when it decides their pay.
Telling the floor above what happened ≈ Platform inference
Turning a week of shifts, incidents and numbers into something the layer above can act on, and deciding what is worth raising at all.

Keep people on it · 1

The conversation that keeps someone ≈ Platform inference
Finding out why someone is about to leave while there is still time, and either fixing it or telling them honestly that you cannot.

New duties · 1

Defending a decision the system made ✓ Evidence-backed
Explaining to the person in front of you why the scheduler gave them that shift, why the score says what it says, and overriding it when it is wrong — on the record.

Project manager4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Status reports, minutes and summaries ✓ Evidence-backed
Writing the weekly status report, the meeting minutes, the executive summary and the notes that keep everyone working from the same picture.

Keep people on it · 2

Aligning stakeholders and negotiating trade-offs ≈ Platform inference
Getting sponsors, teams and suppliers to agree on scope, dates and priorities — and to keep agreeing when things change.
Leading the team and clearing blockers ≈ Platform inference
Keeping people moving: noticing who is stuck, removing what blocks them, and holding the team together when the project gets hard.

New duties · 1

Deciding where AI output enters the project ✓ Evidence-backed
Checking AI-drafted plans and reports before they go out, and setting what the team may hand to AI tools and what it may not.

Management consultant2/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Building the deck ✓ Evidence-backed
Research, benchmarking, market sizing, the analysis, and turning all of it into forty slides that make an argument.

Keep people on it · 3

Finding the question behind the question ≈ Platform inference
Working out that the client asking how to cut costs is really asking how to justify a decision they have already made, or how to move a person without saying so.
Being the outside voice ≈ Platform inference
Saying the thing three people inside the company have been saying for a year, and having it land because it came from outside.
Getting three departments to move ✓ Evidence-backed
Running the workshops, chasing the owners, and holding a programme together across teams that do not report to each other or to you.

AI & transformation#

A box that did not exist on most org charts three years ago: making the tools land inside the functions above, and answering for them when they do not. 1 roles.

AI implementation lead4/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 4New duties 0

Keep people on it · 4

Deciding what to try first ✓ Evidence-backed
Looking at everything the company does, and picking the one or two places where a tool would actually change a number — rather than the places that demo well.
Deciding what it may do unsupervised ✓ Evidence-backed
Writing down which actions the system takes alone, which need a person, what it must never send, and what happens when it is unsure.
Getting people to actually use it ✓ Evidence-backed
Sitting with the people whose work it changes, finding out why they went back to the old way, and fixing the reason rather than reminding them again.
Being there when it gets something wrong ≈ Platform inference
Working out what happened, telling whoever was affected, deciding whether to switch it off, and saying what changes so it does not happen the same way twice.

Core delivery (industry-specific)#

Not a support function but the thing the organisation exists to do. A hospital's nurses and a school's teachers are not its operations department — they are its product, and they sit differently on an org chart from every function above. 72 roles.

Content moderator5/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Working the queue ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding, item after item, whether a piece of content breaks a written rule — the same few dozen rules against millions of items.

Keep people on it · 3

The call the rule does not decide ✓ Evidence-backed
Satire, reclaimed slurs, a war video that is evidence, a medical image that is not what it looks like — the item where applying the rule literally gives the wrong answer.
Turning a value into an enforceable line ≈ Platform inference
Rewriting a policy until two reviewers on different continents reach the same verdict on the same item — and until a classifier can be trained on it.
Looking at the worst of it ✓ Evidence-backed
Being the person who watches the thing nobody else should have to, and carrying whatever that costs.

New duties · 1

Correcting the system that replaced the queue ✓ Evidence-backed
Labelling the cases it got wrong, finding the pattern behind a cluster of bad calls, and being the person who can say why a rule and a model disagree.

Registered nurse3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Documentation and handover notes ✓ Evidence-backed
Charting observations, writing care notes, preparing the handover — often an hour or more per shift.

Keep people on it · 2

Hands-on care ≈ Platform inference
Medication, wounds, lines, moving and washing patients, and everything that involves touching a frightened person.
Talking to patients and families ✓ Evidence-backed
Explaining what is happening, absorbing fear and anger, translating the doctor, sitting with someone at 3 a.m.

New duties · 1

Working with clinical decision tools ≈ Platform inference
Using and overriding the alerts, triage suggestions and documentation drafts, and reporting when they are wrong.

Midwife2/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Monitoring labour ✓ Evidence-backed
Listening to or tracing the baby's heart rate during labour, reading the trace and deciding when to escalate.
Attending births and emergencies ≈ Platform inference
Supporting the woman through birth, delivering the baby, handling bleeding, resuscitating newborns and calling for help.

Radiologist5/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Reading the routine study ✓ Evidence-backed
High-volume, pattern-clear work: screening mammograms, chest films, follow-up scans where the question is narrow and the answer is usually normal.

Keep people on it · 2

Catching what nobody asked about ✓ Evidence-backed
The scan was ordered for a back injury; the thing that matters is in the corner of the image and has nothing to do with the back.
Procedures done inside a person ≈ Platform inference
Image-guided biopsies, drains, embolisation — interventional work where the image is the guidance rather than the product.

New duties · 1

Answering for the machine that read it ✓ Evidence-backed
Validating a tool on your own population before switching it on, watching for drift after, and being the named person on a report the machine helped write.

Pathologist4/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Signing out the diagnosis ✓ Evidence-backed
Integrating everything into the final report and answering for it.
Frozen sections during surgery ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading a rapidly frozen sample while the surgeon waits, and calling the result into the theatre.

Radiographer / radiologic technologist5/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Keep people on it · 3

Radiation safety and dose ✓ Evidence-backed
Keeping the dose as low as it can be for the image needed, protecting the patient, staff and public, and recording what was given.
Checking the imaging request ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading the request, confirming the patient and the examination are right, and checking for reasons not to go ahead, such as pregnancy or an implant that is unsafe in an MRI scanner.
Looking after the patient during the exam ≈ Platform inference
Explaining what will happen, getting the patient's cooperation, and watching for a reaction to a contrast agent or distress inside the scanner.

New duties · 1

Acting on software that flags findings ✓ Evidence-backed
Where a department uses software that flags a possible urgent finding as images are taken, making sure the flag reaches the right doctor in time and that the patient is not sent away first.

General practitioner / primary care doctor3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Writing the visit down ✓ Evidence-backed
The note: what the patient said, what you found, what you thought, what you did — written to a standard that another clinician and, later, a lawyer can both read.

Keep people on it · 3

Putting hands on the patient ≈ Platform inference
Looking, feeling, listening — and the part nobody writes down: noticing that this person looks unwell in a way the numbers do not yet show.
Deciding it together, and saying the hard thing ≈ Platform inference
Explaining a trade-off to someone frightened, finding out what they actually want, and telling people news they did not come in expecting.
Holding the prescribing pen ✓ Evidence-backed
Signing for a prescription, a referral, a sick note or a test — the acts where the doctor's name is what makes the thing valid.

New duties · 1

Working out what it is ✓ Evidence-backed
Taking a story that does not fit a textbook, deciding which two or three things it could be, and choosing which one to act on before you can be sure.

Surgeon4/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Keep people on it · 3

Deciding whether to operate, and the consent ✓ Evidence-backed
Weighing the diagnosis, the patient's condition and what they want against the risks, and agreeing with the patient exactly what will and will not be done.
Operating by hand and through the laparoscope ≈ Platform inference
The open and keyhole operation itself: dissecting, controlling bleeding, removing or repairing tissue, and closing.
What the scans did not show ✓ Evidence-backed
The adhesion, the second tumour, the bleed, the anatomy that is not where it should be — deciding mid-operation whether to go on, change the plan or stop.

Anaesthesiologist / anaesthetist3/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Airway management and emergencies ✓ Evidence-backed
Placing and securing breathing tubes, handling a difficult airway, and leading the response when something goes wrong.
Recovery and pain management ≈ Platform inference
Waking the patient safely, handing over to recovery staff, and planning pain relief after surgery.

Respiratory therapist0/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Keep people on it · 1

Airway care and breathing treatments ≈ Platform inference
Giving nebulised medicines and chest physiotherapy, suctioning airways and assisting with intubation.

Optometrist2/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Spotting eye disease in retinal images ✓ Evidence-backed
Photographing and reading the back of the eye for signs of diabetic eye disease, glaucoma and macular degeneration.

Keep people on it · 1

Fitting contact lenses ≈ Platform inference
Measuring the eye, choosing and fitting lenses, and checking how they sit and how the eye tolerates them.

Care worker / nursing assistant4/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

The record and the handover ✓ Evidence-backed
Charting what was done and what was observed, and telling the next shift what they need to know in the four minutes before they take over.

Keep people on it · 2

The body work ✓ Evidence-backed
Washing, dressing, toileting, transferring someone from a bed to a chair — physical tasks performed on a person who may resist, be in pain, or weigh more than you.
Being the person who is there ✓ Evidence-backed
Talking, listening, being known — for many people receiving care this is the majority of their human contact in a day.

New duties · 1

Noticing something changed ✓ Evidence-backed
Registering that this person is quieter, or hotter, or eating less, or confused in a way they were not yesterday — and deciding whether it is worth escalating.

Counsellor / psychotherapist5/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Being there at three in the morning ✓ Evidence-backed
Low-intensity support at the moment it is wanted: someone is awake, anxious, and there is no appointment for eleven days.

Keep people on it · 3

Noticing what is not being said ≈ Platform inference
The thing a person circles for six sessions before naming, and the thing they change the subject away from.
The relationship itself ✓ Evidence-backed
Being a specific person the client keeps coming back to, over months, who remembers and who can be disappointed.
Making a therapeutic decision ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding this person is at risk, that the plan has to change, or that they need someone other than you.

New duties · 1

Answering for a tool in the room ✓ Evidence-backed
If a transcription, triage or drafting tool touches a session, deciding what the client is told and what happens to the recording.

Psychologist4/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Giving standardised tests ≈ Platform inference
Administering cognitive, personality and educational tests under their standard conditions.
Psychotherapy ✓ Evidence-backed
Treating a person over a course of sessions and deciding when the plan has to change.

Dietitian / nutritionist2/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Menu planning for institutions ✓ Evidence-backed
Planning weeks of menus for a hospital, school or care home within nutrient and cost limits.

Keep people on it · 1

Medical nutrition therapy ≈ Platform inference
Assessing a patient's nutritional status and prescribing a diet for their condition.

Pharmacist3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Dispensing and counting ✓ Evidence-backed
Picking, counting, labelling and packaging the medicine that matches the prescription.

Keep people on it · 1

Counselling the patient ✓ Evidence-backed
Explaining how to take it, what to expect, what to do if it goes wrong — to someone who may not have understood the doctor.

New duties · 1

Clinical services ✓ Evidence-backed
Vaccinations, medication reviews, minor ailment consultations, chronic disease monitoring.

Pharmacy technician5/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 0New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Counting, filling and packaging ✓ Evidence-backed
Counting tablets, filling and labelling containers, and packaging refills.
Unit doses and automated cabinets ✓ Evidence-backed
In hospitals, preparing unit doses, restocking automated dispensing cabinets on the wards and delivering medicines.

New duties · 1

Checking other technicians' work ✓ Evidence-backed
Doing the final product check on filled prescriptions — work that used to be reserved for the pharmacist — usually backed by barcode scanning.

School teacher3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Marking and written feedback ≈ Platform inference
Grading a stack of essays or problem sets and writing a comment on each that the student will actually read.

Keep people on it · 1

Running the room ≈ Platform inference
Thirty children, one adult, forty minutes: attention, behaviour, safety, and the child who is quietly not okay.

New duties · 1

Orchestrating tutoring tools ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding which tools students use for what, checking what the tools taught them, and catching what they got wrong.

Driving instructor4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Basic control on the training ground ✓ Evidence-backed
Teaching starting, steering, reversing and parking manoeuvres on a closed training ground before a pupil goes on the road.

Keep people on it · 2

Lessons in real traffic ✓ Evidence-backed
Sitting beside a learner on public roads, judging when to step in, and using the dual controls when needed.
Assessing progress and preparing for the test ✓ Evidence-backed
Judging when a pupil is ready, rehearsing test routes and manoeuvres, and explaining what the examiner will look for.

University lecturer4/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Keep people on it · 2

Research and writing ✓ Evidence-backed
Doing research, writing papers and grant proposals, and answering for the results.
Peer review ✓ Evidence-backed
Reviewing other researchers' papers and proposals.

New duties · 1

Assessment design and integrity ✓ Evidence-backed
Designing exams and coursework that test what students can do, and upholding academic integrity.

Chef / cook4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Fixed-menu, high-volume cooking ✓ Evidence-backed
Frying, grilling, assembling the same items thousands of times a day in a quick-service kitchen.

Keep people on it · 2

Cooking to order in a real kitchen ≈ Platform inference
Twelve tickets, six stations, one pan short, the fish that came in smaller than yesterday.
Running the team ✓ Evidence-backed
Training, scheduling, keeping standards up and tempers down, covering the station when someone does not show.

New duties · 1

Working alongside kitchen automation ✓ Evidence-backed
Loading, monitoring and cleaning the automated fryer or assembly unit, and taking over when it fails mid-rush.

Electrician4/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Keep people on it · 1

Installation in real buildings ✓ Evidence-backed
Running cable through walls that are not where the drawing says, in a building full of other trades, to code.

New duties · 1

Electrification: EV chargers, heat pumps, solar, storage ✓ Evidence-backed
Installing and integrating the equipment that the shift away from fossil fuels puts into every building.

Plumber4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Quoting, booking and invoicing ≈ Platform inference
Pricing jobs, arranging visits, ordering parts and getting paid.

Keep people on it · 3

Installing and repairing pipes and fittings ✓ Evidence-backed
Cutting, joining and fixing pipes, fitting taps, toilets, traps and water heaters, and repairing or replacing what has failed.
Working to code and signing off ✓ Evidence-backed
Making sure the work meets the regulations, testing it for leaks and pressure, and taking responsibility for it once it is done.
Explaining the problem to the customer ≈ Platform inference
Telling the customer what has gone wrong, what the options cost and what can wait, often in their home and under some stress.

New duties · 1

Fitting and servicing smart water devices ✓ Evidence-backed
Installing and looking after connected meters, leak sensors, automatic shut-off valves and sensor taps, and dealing with their alerts.

HVAC technician4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Routine leak inspections ✓ Evidence-backed
Periodically checking refrigeration equipment for leaks.

Keep people on it · 2

Installing systems ✓ Evidence-backed
Fitting furnaces, heat pumps, air conditioners and ductwork, and connecting refrigerant lines, power and controls.
Handling refrigerants ✓ Evidence-backed
Recovering, charging and repairing leaks in refrigerant circuits.

Architect3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Renderings and presentation images ✓ Evidence-backed
Producing the images that sell the scheme to a client or a planning committee.

Keep people on it · 3

Understanding the brief and finding the idea ≈ Platform inference
Working out what the client actually needs, what the site allows, and the organising idea that makes it a building rather than a diagram.
Approvals and coordinating the team ✓ Evidence-backed
Planning permission, building control, and keeping structural, mechanical and cost consultants pointing the same way.
Site inspection and construction-phase decisions ≈ Platform inference
Walking the site, answering the contractor's questions, deciding what to do when the ground is not what the survey said.

Building inspector2/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Writing inspection reports ≈ Platform inference
Recording findings, photos and code references in a report that owners, buyers or builders act on.
Explaining findings and enforcing corrections ≈ Platform inference
Explaining defects to owners and builders, approving or refusing work, and following up until corrections are made.

Drafter / CAD technician3/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Keep people on it · 1

Revisions and coordination ✓ Evidence-backed
Updating drawings and models as designs change, resolving clashes between disciplines and tracking what changed.

Interior designer4/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 4New duties 0

Keep people on it · 4

Understanding the client and the brief ≈ Platform inference
Finding out how the people will actually use the space, what they can spend, and what they have not said.
Specifying materials and sourcing ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing finishes, fixtures and furniture that meet the budget, lead times and codes, and buying or specifying them.
Coordinating contractors on site ≈ Platform inference
Working with contractors and trades, answering questions on site, and inspecting that the work matches the design.
Codes, safety and signing the drawings ✓ Evidence-backed
Making the design meet building, fire, accessibility and safety codes, and — where required — sealing the drawings.

Civil / structural engineer4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Getting the plans approved ✓ Evidence-backed
Assembling the submission, answering the regulator's queries and shepherding the design through each approval stage.

Keep people on it · 3

Signing the plans as the qualified person ✓ Evidence-backed
Being the named person who certifies that they prepared the plans, and who answers for them if the structure fails.
Checking someone else's structural design ✓ Evidence-backed
Acting as the independent checker who certifies that another engineer's plans show no inadequacy in the key structural elements.
Deciding on site when reality differs from the drawing ≈ Platform inference
The ground is softer than the survey said, a service runs where a pile should go, a delivery is out of tolerance — deciding what changes and signing off the change.

Land surveyor4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Setting out construction ✓ Evidence-backed
Marking on site where structures, roads and earthworks go, so that crews and machines build to the design.

Keep people on it · 2

Researching and determining boundaries ✓ Evidence-backed
Researching deeds, plans and marks on the ground, and deciding where a legal boundary lies.
Certifying and signing surveys ✓ Evidence-backed
Taking legal responsibility for a survey by certifying and signing the plan.

Urban planner2/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Preparing plans and policy ≈ Platform inference
Writing local plans, design codes and policies, weighing evidence about housing, transport and environment.
Advising, negotiating and presenting ≈ Platform inference
Negotiating with developers, presenting recommendations to committees and inquiries, and explaining decisions to the public.

GIS analyst / cartographer1/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Digitising features from imagery ✓ Evidence-backed
Tracing buildings, roads, water and land cover from aerial and satellite images into map data.

Keep people on it · 1

Quality checks and field validation ≈ Platform inference
Checking data against the ground and against standards before it is used.

Electrical engineer3/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Keep people on it · 3

Requirements and system design ≈ Platform inference
Working out what the system must do, the loads and constraints, and choosing an architecture that will be safe, buildable and maintainable.
Testing, commissioning and faults ✓ Evidence-backed
Testing and commissioning equipment, and investigating faults — often near energised parts.
Codes and signing off installations ✓ Evidence-backed
Making designs meet electrical safety codes and taking formal responsibility for installations where the law requires a licensed engineer.

Chip design engineer3/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Keep people on it · 1

Architecture and specification ≈ Platform inference
Deciding what the chip must do, how it is divided into blocks, and the power, performance and area targets each block must meet.

Mechanical engineer2/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Keep people on it · 3

Requirements and concept ≈ Platform inference
Turning what a product or machine must do into performance requirements, and choosing a concept that can be made, tested and maintained.
Prototypes, testing and failure investigation ≈ Platform inference
Building and testing prototypes, and investigating why equipment fails in service.
Safety, compliance and sign-off ✓ Evidence-backed
Assessing machine risks, meeting safety law and standards, and sealing designs where the law requires a licensed engineer.

Industrial engineer2/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Process design and improvement ≈ Platform inference
Mapping how work is done, finding waste and bottlenecks, and redesigning processes — including deciding where to automate.
Process hazard analysis ✓ Evidence-backed
Analysing what can go wrong in a process and how to prevent it, and revalidating the analysis when the process changes.

Quantity surveyor5/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Measuring quantities ✓ Evidence-backed
Working out how much concrete, steel, brickwork, finishes and services a design needs — the take-off every estimate rests on.

Keep people on it · 1

Claims and disputes ✓ Evidence-backed
Preparing and answering claims for delay and disruption, and negotiating or giving evidence when the money is contested.

New duties · 1

Whole-life cost and carbon ✓ Evidence-backed
Estimating what a building will cost to run and maintain, and the carbon in its materials and operation, alongside its construction cost.

Journalist3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Rewriting press releases and results ✓ Evidence-backed
Turning earnings tables, sports scores, weather, police blotters and press releases into short articles.

Keep people on it · 1

Getting people to tell you things ≈ Platform inference
Building the relationships and trust that make someone hand you a document or say what they saw.

New duties · 1

Detecting synthetic and manipulated media ≈ Platform inference
Deciding whether a viral clip, image or audio is real before it is reported as fact.

Editor and proofreader3/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Structural and developmental editing ≈ Platform inference
Shaping a manuscript's structure, argument and voice with its author.
Standards and publication decisions ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding what is published and holding text to editorial standards.

Translator / Interpreter3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

First-draft translation of routine text ✓ Evidence-backed
Manuals, product copy, correspondence, internal documents.

Keep people on it · 1

Deciding what to change, not just how to say it ≈ Platform inference
Transcreation, market adaptation, and telling a client their message will not land.

New duties · 1

Post-editing machine output ✓ Evidence-backed
Fixing what the machine got wrong, and knowing where to look for it.

Interpreter2/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Keep people on it · 3

Court and legal interpreting ✓ Evidence-backed
Interpreting for defendants, witnesses and parties in courts and police proceedings.
Medical interpreting ≈ Platform inference
Interpreting between patients and clinicians, in person or remotely.
Sign language interpreting ✓ Evidence-backed
Interpreting between spoken language and sign language, in person or by video.

Retail cashier / shop assistant5/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Scanning and taking payment ✓ Evidence-backed
The till: scanning, bagging, payment, receipts.

Keep people on it · 3

Restocking and shelf work ✓ Evidence-backed
Unpacking deliveries, filling shelves, facing up, rotating dates, handling the 3,000 products that are each slightly different.
Helping customers ✓ Evidence-backed
Where is it, is there more in the back, which one is better, can I return this, my card did not work.
Loss prevention and the difficult customer ✓ Evidence-backed
Noticing theft, handling the argument at self-checkout, de-escalating, deciding when to call for help.

New duties · 1

Picking online orders in store ✓ Evidence-backed
Walking the aisles to assemble a customer's online basket for collection or delivery.

Bank teller3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Routine transactions ✓ Evidence-backed
Deposits, withdrawals, transfers, bill payments, balance enquiries.

Keep people on it · 1

Helping with the complicated cases ✓ Evidence-backed
Bereavement, power of attorney, a frozen account, a customer who does not understand the app and is frightened of it.

New duties · 1

Teaching customers the digital channels ≈ Platform inference
Sitting with someone and getting them onto the app, safely, so they do not need to come back for the routine.

Medical assistant / clinic assistant2/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Chasing the authorisation ≈ Platform inference
Getting an insurer, a payer or a referral system to say yes before a patient can have the thing the doctor ordered — forms, portals, phone queues, and the resubmission when it comes back denied.

Keep people on it · 2

The phone ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding, from a two-minute call, whether this person needs an appointment today, next week, or the emergency department.
The hands-on bits ≈ Platform inference
Injections, dressings, blood draws, swabs, setting up equipment and cleaning the room between patients.

New duties · 1

Vitals and intake ✓ Evidence-backed
Weight, blood pressure, temperature, current medications, why they are here — collected in the six minutes before the doctor walks in.

Waiter / restaurant server3/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Taking the order ✓ Evidence-backed
Recording what each person wants, with the modifications, the allergy, and the one they changed their mind about.

Keep people on it · 2

Running the room ✓ Evidence-backed
Holding twelve tables in your head at once: who is waiting, who needs to be left alone, which course goes out next and which table will complain in five minutes if nobody goes over.
When it goes wrong ≈ Platform inference
The wrong dish, the hour-late main, the allergy that was on the ticket and not on the plate — and the decision about what to take off the bill.

New duties · 1

Carrying things through a crowded room ✓ Evidence-backed
Plates, trays, drinks — through a space full of moving people, chair legs and children.

Bartender / barista2/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Making coffee and drinks ≈ Platform inference
Pulling espresso, steaming milk, mixing cocktails and pouring beer and wine to a consistent standard.

Keep people on it · 2

Checking age and serving alcohol responsibly ✓ Evidence-backed
Checking ID, judging whether someone has had too much, and refusing service when the law requires it.
Hospitality and conversation ≈ Platform inference
Welcoming people, recommending drinks, remembering regulars and keeping the room pleasant.

Hairdresser / barber0/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Bookings and the front desk ≈ Platform inference
Answering calls and messages, booking and rescheduling appointments, and taking payments.

Keep people on it · 2

Cutting and styling ≈ Platform inference
Cutting, shaping, blow-drying and styling hair by hand, adjusting to each head, hair type and client as the work goes.
Colouring and chemical treatments ≈ Platform inference
Mixing and applying colour, bleach, perms and straighteners, and judging how the hair and scalp react.

Construction worker3/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Setting out and checking ≈ Platform inference
Marking where things go, checking level and line, and catching the error before it is buried.

Keep people on it · 2

Building it where it goes ✓ Evidence-backed
Forming, fixing, laying, finishing — in a space with no two corners alike and a tolerance that has to be absorbed as you go.
Working out what can happen today ✓ Evidence-backed
The concrete is late, the scaffold is not struck, another trade is in the way — deciding what the crew does instead, right now.

New duties · 1

Not getting hurt ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading a site for what is about to go wrong: the load that is not secure, the edge nobody has guarded, the person working above you.

Bricklayer / blocklayer1/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Keep people on it · 3

Reading drawings and setting out ≈ Platform inference
Working out the walls from drawings, marking lines and levels on site, and choosing the bond.
Cutting, pointing and detail ≈ Platform inference
Cutting units to fit, finishing and raking out joints, and building corners, arches and details.
Repair and restoration ≈ Platform inference
Repairing and repointing existing walls, matching old materials and working on occupied or historic buildings.

Carpenter / joiner3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Cutting joints and joinery ✓ Evidence-backed
Marking and cutting joints, timbers and joinery so that parts fit together.

Keep people on it · 3

Formwork for concrete ≈ Platform inference
Building and stripping the temporary moulds that concrete is poured into.
Finish carpentry and installation ✓ Evidence-backed
Fitting doors, windows, stairs, ceilings, floors and cabinets, often overhead and in finished spaces.
Repair and renovation ≈ Platform inference
Repairing, altering and renovating existing buildings, where every job is different.

Auto mechanic / vehicle technician3/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Reading the fault code ✓ Evidence-backed
Plugging in, pulling the codes, and looking up what they mean.

Keep people on it · 3

The fault that will not repeat ✓ Evidence-backed
The noise that only happens when warm, the fault the customer swears to that the vehicle refuses to show you.
Doing the repair ✓ Evidence-backed
The physical job: access, torque, corrosion, the bolt that is not coming out, putting it back so it does not rattle.
Telling the customer what it needs ≈ Platform inference
Explaining a repair to someone who cannot verify anything you say, and being believed.

Medical laboratory technician4/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Running the analyser ✓ Evidence-backed
Loading, calibrating, and moving hundreds of samples through machines that do the measurement themselves.

Keep people on it · 2

Knowing a result is wrong ✓ Evidence-backed
Spotting the value that is impossible for this patient, the drift that says the instrument needs attention, the specimen that was mislabelled upstream.
Making the critical call ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding a result cannot wait, finding the clinician responsible for this patient right now, and making sure they heard it.

New duties · 1

Handling the specimen ✓ Evidence-backed
Receiving, spinning, aliquoting, and dealing with the sample that arrived clotted, short, unlabelled or at the wrong temperature.

Physiotherapist / rehabilitation therapist3/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Keep people on it · 3

Working out what is actually limiting them ≈ Platform inference
Watching someone move, testing what hurts and what does not, and finding the cause that is often somewhere other than the pain.
Treating with your hands ✓ Evidence-backed
Mobilisation, manipulation, soft tissue work — and adjusting what you are doing based on what you feel while doing it.
Keeping them doing it ✓ Evidence-backed
The twelve weeks after the pain stops: noticing they have quietly stopped, finding out why, and changing something so they start again.

Speech-language pathologist / speech and language therapist1/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Keep people on it · 1

Assessing communication and swallowing ≈ Platform inference
Testing speech, language, voice and swallowing, deciding what is wrong and setting goals.

Occupational therapist3/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Keep people on it · 1

Planning and delivering therapy ✓ Evidence-backed
Setting goals with the person and running therapy that rebuilds arm use, everyday skills and thinking after illness or injury.

Phlebotomist2/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Keep people on it · 1

Caring for patients during the draw ≈ Platform inference
Calming anxious patients and children, handling difficult veins and responding when someone feels faint.

Massage therapist1/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Relaxation and wellness massage ✓ Evidence-backed
Standard relaxation sessions in spas, hotels and gyms, where the client wants a routine massage rather than treatment.

Keep people on it · 2

Therapeutic and clinical massage ≈ Platform inference
Treating pain, injury and tension by hand, adjusting pressure and technique to what the tissue and the client tell you.
Assessment and treatment planning ≈ Platform inference
Taking a history, spotting reasons not to massage, planning treatment and knowing when to refer someone on.

Firefighter6/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Keep people on it · 2

Searching the building and getting people out ✓ Evidence-backed
Forcing entry, searching smoke-filled rooms by touch and sight, and carrying or guiding people to safety.
Reading the fire and commanding the scene ✓ Evidence-backed
Sizing up the building, the fire and the risk, deciding where crews and machines go, and changing the plan as the fire changes.

New duties · 1

Deploying and operating the robots ✓ Evidence-backed
Getting firefighting robots off the appliance, driving them into position remotely and keeping them working through the fire.

Paramedic / EMT3/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Treating patients on scene ✓ Evidence-backed
Resuscitation, airway care, giving drugs, splinting, and lifting and moving patients in homes and on roads.
Driving and transporting patients ≈ Platform inference
Driving under emergency conditions, and moving and monitoring the patient on the way to hospital.

Police officer4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Processing traffic violations from video ✓ Evidence-backed
Reviewing dashcam and other footage sent in by the public, finding the offence and the moment it happened, and preparing the case.

Keep people on it · 1

Responding to incidents and making arrests ≈ Platform inference
Arriving at a fight, a crash or a domestic call, calming or controlling the situation, and arresting someone when the law requires it.

Emergency dispatcher3/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Dispatching and coordinating units ≈ Platform inference
Choosing which police, fire or ambulance units to send, tracking them and coordinating between agencies.
Giving instructions until help arrives ✓ Evidence-backed
Talking callers through CPR, bleeding control or getting to safety, and staying on the line with them.

Farmer4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Spraying crops ✓ Evidence-backed
Applying pesticide, fungicide and fertiliser across the fields at the right time, traditionally with a backpack or tractor-mounted sprayer.

Keep people on it · 2

Deciding what to plant, when and how ≈ Platform inference
Choosing crops and varieties, timing planting, spraying and harvest against weather and prices, and judging the state of the crop in the field.
Picking and handling fruit and vegetables by hand ≈ Platform inference
Picking, cutting, sorting and packing crops that bruise easily or ripen unevenly.

Gardener / landscaper2/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Mowing and routine turf care ✓ Evidence-backed
Cutting grass in parks, sports fields, campuses and roadsides on a regular schedule.

Keep people on it · 3

Trimming and pruning ✓ Evidence-backed
Shaping hedges, pruning shrubs and trees, and deciding what to cut and what to leave.
Planting and building landscapes ≈ Platform inference
Planting, laying turf, paths and walls, and turning a design into a finished garden.
Applying pesticides and fertiliser ≈ Platform inference
Mixing and applying fertiliser, herbicides and pesticides safely and within the rules.

Social worker4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Writing up sessions as case notes ✓ Evidence-backed
Recording what was said in a session or home visit, in whatever language it happened in, and turning it into structured case notes.

Keep people on it · 2

Working with clients over time ≈ Platform inference
Building trust with people in difficulty, listening, and helping them make and keep to a plan through setbacks.
Assessing risk and responding to crises ✓ Evidence-backed
Judging whether a child or vulnerable adult is safe, visiting homes, and acting — including with statutory powers — when they are not.

Dentist4/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Keep people on it · 3

Diagnosing and planning treatment ✓ Evidence-backed
Putting together the X-rays, the examination and the patient's history to decide what is wrong and what to do about it.
Carrying out treatment ✓ Evidence-backed
Fillings, extractions, root canals, crowns and the anaesthetic that comes with them, in a small space on a conscious patient.
Explaining and reassuring ≈ Platform inference
Explaining findings and options, getting consent, and helping anxious patients through treatment.

Dental hygienist3/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Keep people on it · 3

Cleaning and scaling ≈ Platform inference
Removing plaque and tartar above and below the gum line with hand and ultrasonic instruments.
Patient education ✓ Evidence-backed
Showing patients how to brush and clean between teeth, and advising on diet and habits.
Working within scope ✓ Evidence-backed
Knowing which decisions belong to the dentist and which the hygienist may make.

Dental assistant / dental nurse2/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Keep people on it · 1

Assisting at the chair ≈ Platform inference
Passing instruments, keeping the mouth dry and clear with suction, and supporting the patient during treatment.

Veterinarian5/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 4New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Notes, reminders and bills ✓ Evidence-backed
Writing up consultations, sending vaccination and check-up reminders, and preparing estimates and invoices.

Keep people on it · 4

Examining the animal ✓ Evidence-backed
Handling and examining an animal that cannot say where it hurts, and taking the history from an owner who may have missed things.
Treating, vaccinating and operating ✓ Evidence-backed
Giving treatment and vaccinations, performing surgery and dentistry, and managing anaesthesia and recovery.
Talking it through with the owner ≈ Platform inference
Explaining what is wrong, the options and their cost, and helping owners decide — including when to end an animal's life.
Prescribing and signing certificates ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing and prescribing medicines, and signing health, vaccination and travel certificates that others rely on.

Librarian5/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Lending, returns and reservations ✓ Evidence-backed
Checking items out and in, handling holds, and keeping the self-service kiosks and return chutes working — work librarians share with, and supervise, library clerks.
Keeping the shelves and stock in order ✓ Evidence-backed
Shelving, checking shelf order, taking inventory, and removing worn or outdated items.

Keep people on it · 1

Programmes, children and the community ≈ Platform inference
Story times, school visits, talks and clubs, help for people who come with a problem rather than a question, and keeping a busy public space calm and orderly.

New duties · 1

Teaching people to use — and question — AI tools ✓ Evidence-backed
Classes and one-to-one help on how search and AI tools work, how to check what they say, and how to spot an invented citation.

Welder4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Welding repeated joints and structural blocks ✓ Evidence-backed
Laying the same kind of weld many times on production parts, panels and large blocks that can be positioned for access.

Keep people on it · 1

Out-of-position, site and repair welding ≈ Platform inference
Vertical and overhead welds in tight spaces, pipework in place, welding on site and repairing existing structures and equipment.

New duties · 1

Setting up and running welding robots ✓ Evidence-backed
Loading and positioning parts, teaching or adjusting robot paths, setting parameters, watching the weld and stepping in when it goes wrong.

Machinist / CNC machinist0/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Running and tending machines ≈ Platform inference
Loading and unloading parts, watching the machine run, changing worn tools and stopping it when something goes wrong.

Keep people on it · 1

Setting up machines ≈ Platform inference
Mounting fixtures and tools, setting offsets, loading the program and running and adjusting the first part.

Sonographer2/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Keep people on it · 2

Difficult patients and unexpected findings ≈ Platform inference
Getting usable images through difficult anatomy, and noticing something the request did not ask about and extending the scan to show it.
Caring for the person on the table ≈ Platform inference
Explaining the examination, positioning patients who are in pain, and handling intimate and emotional scans such as pregnancy and transvaginal examinations.

New duties · 1

Checking and teaching scans done by others ≈ Platform inference
Reviewing image quality from point-of-care scans done by nurses, doctors and other staff, and training them.

Your roster, not this catalogue#

The roster table at the top of this page is free, and it is the same data a paid report starts from. What it cannot do is judge your case: whether the automating tasks are the ones your people actually spend time on, what your market and size change, and which of the empty columns are worth going and finding evidence for. That is reading, deciding and sourcing on your behalf, and it is the part we charge for.

It names the roles we have no evidence for rather than filling them in, and it never tells you who to make redundant.

What the diagnosis is, with a worked example →

Where to go next#

Recent changes — every verified record, newest first
Method and evidence — how a task judgement is made, and when we say we do not know

Browse the site

Which work in your company is changing

Roles covered

160

Task judgements

814

Method should change

156

New duties created

Start with your own roles#

Paste the roles you employ — one per line, headcount optional. Each one is matched to an occupation on this site, and the ones we do not cover are named.

Paste your roles — one per line, headcount optional.

It stays in this browser. There is no backend to send it to — every page on this site is prerendered.

Which layer this is#

Sales#

Turning demand into signed business — directly, and through other companies that sell on your behalf. 7 roles.

Sales / account manager4/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Putting the price and the proposal together ✓ Evidence-backed
Gathering supplier prices, assembling options, writing the proposal, and getting it back to the customer before they lose interest.
Working out who is worth your time ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading the enquiry, the company and the person behind it, and deciding whether this is a real budget with a real date or someone collecting quotes.

Keep people on it · 1

The conversation where it is decided ✓ Evidence-backed
Hearing the objection under the objection, knowing when to hold the price, when to walk, and being the person the customer calls when something goes wrong.

New duties · 1

Running the machine that now sells with you ≈ Platform inference
Checking what the assistant drafted before it goes out, correcting the price it suggested, feeding back what actually closed, and catching the confident mistake before the customer sees it.

Partnerships / channel manager4/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Working out which partner is real ✓ Evidence-backed
Mapping who already sells to the customers you want, then working out which of them has actual distribution rather than a logo page and a willingness to sign.
Counting what the channel actually produced ✓ Evidence-backed
Working out which revenue genuinely came through a partner rather than being attributed to one, and reporting it to people who would prefer a bigger number.

Keep people on it · 2

Agreeing what each side actually owes ≈ Platform inference
Margin splits, exclusivity, who owns the customer, what happens when it ends — and knowing which of those the other side will really fight for.
Keeping them selling after the announcement ≈ Platform inference
Training their salespeople, being the person they call, and finding out why a partner that signed enthusiastically has sent nothing in four months.

New duties · 1

Governing what partners say in your name ✓ Evidence-backed
Checking what a white-label or embedded partner publishes, quotes and promises as you — including the material their own tools now generate.

Real estate agent5/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Knowing what is for sale ✓ Evidence-backed
Holding the list: what is available, what just came on, what quietly came off.
Finding the next client ✓ Evidence-backed
Prospecting, farming a neighbourhood, staying the name someone thinks of in three years.

Keep people on it · 1

Getting two sides to agree ≈ Platform inference
The offer, the counter, the thing the survey found, the buyer whose finance fell through on a Friday.

New duties · 1

Answering for what you told them ✓ Evidence-backed
Disclosure: what you must tell a buyer, what you may not say at all, and what happens when a generated listing describes a property that does not exist.

Property appraiser / valuer5/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Analysing sales and estimating value ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing comparable sales, adjusting for differences and reaching a value for a lender or client.
Valuing properties for tax ✓ Evidence-backed
Valuing or banding large numbers of properties for property tax, and keeping the list up to date.

Keep people on it · 2

Inspecting the property ✓ Evidence-backed
Visiting the property, measuring it, noting condition and features, and photographing it.
Reviews, appeals and expert evidence ✓ Evidence-backed
Reviewing other valuations, defending a value when it is challenged, and giving evidence in disputes.

Insurance agent4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Filling in applications and collecting documents ✓ Evidence-backed
Completing proposal forms, gathering medical and identity documents and submitting them for underwriting.

Keep people on it · 2

Working out the cover a client needs and recommending it ✓ Evidence-backed
Asking about income, family, debts and existing policies, then recommending what to buy and how much cover to take.
Reviewing clients' cover as their lives change ≈ Platform inference
Going back to clients after marriage, children, a new job or an illness to check whether their cover still fits.

New duties · 1

Explaining online comparisons to clients ≈ Platform inference
Going through prices and features a client has already compared online, and explaining why a recommended policy differs from the cheapest one.

Travel agent / travel advisor4/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Finding and comparing options ≈ Platform inference
Searching flights, hotels and packages and comparing them for a client.
Booking and ticketing ✓ Evidence-backed
Making reservations, issuing tickets and processing payments.

Keep people on it · 1

Selling and advising on complex trips ✓ Evidence-backed
Understanding what a client wants and selling trips that are complicated, expensive or for groups.

Retail salesperson / shop assistant4/4 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Knowing what is actually in the back ✓ Evidence-backed
Answering whether it exists in that size, when the next delivery lands, and which other branch has one — accurately enough that someone will wait for it.
Taking the money and the return ✓ Evidence-backed
Payment, refunds, exchanges, the exception that needs a manager's code.

Keep people on it · 2

Working out what they actually want ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading someone who says they are just looking, asking the two questions that reveal the real constraint, and recommending against the expensive option when it is wrong.
Keeping the floor standing up ✓ Evidence-backed
Replenishing, folding, tidying, moving the display, and handling the customer who is upset about something that is not your fault.

Marketing & content#

Creating demand and the material that carries it — campaigns, copy, images, video. 13 roles.

Marketing specialist3/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Producing campaign content ✓ Evidence-backed
Posts, ad creative variants, landing page copy, email drafts, short videos — the raw material of every campaign.
Running paid media ✓ Evidence-backed
Setting up, bidding, targeting and optimising campaigns on ad platforms.

Keep people on it · 1

Understanding who actually buys and why ≈ Platform inference
Talking to customers, reading the sales calls, knowing what objection kills the deal and what phrase closes it.

New duties · 1

Operating the marketing automation itself ✓ Evidence-backed
Designing the prompts, workflows and guardrails that let tools produce and place content without embarrassing the brand.

Copywriter4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Producing volume copy ✓ Evidence-backed
Product descriptions, ad variants, SEO articles, social captions, email sequences — many pieces, small stakes each.

Keep people on it · 1

Finding the message ≈ Platform inference
Working out, from the product and the customer, the one thing worth saying and the angle that makes it land.

New duties · 1

Defining and policing a voice ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding how the brand sounds, writing that down in a way tools and colleagues can follow, and catching the drift.

Writer and author3/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Short fiction and open submission markets ✓ Evidence-backed
Selling stories and books through open submissions and self-publishing.

Keep people on it · 2

Screenwriting and rewrites ✓ Evidence-backed
Writing and rewriting scripts for film and television.
Rights and licensing ✓ Evidence-backed
Controlling and licensing the use of one's books and scripts, including for AI training.

Graphic designer4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Producing routine assets ✓ Evidence-backed
Resizing, versioning, banner sets, social variants, template fills.

Keep people on it · 2

Working out what the client actually needs ≈ Platform inference
Turning a vague or wrong brief into the real problem, before making anything.
Judging quality and defending the call ✓ Evidence-backed
Knowing what is good, in this context, for this audience — and holding the line in a review.

New duties · 1

Owning the system, not the artefact ✓ Evidence-backed
Defining the rules, components and constraints that keep output coherent when other people (and tools) produce it.

Photographer5/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Campaign and product imagery ✓ Evidence-backed
Shooting campaign, lifestyle and product images for brands and retailers.
Stock photography ✓ Evidence-backed
Producing images for licensing through stock agencies.

Keep people on it · 2

Portraits and events ≈ Platform inference
Photographing people, weddings and events in person.
News and documentary photography ✓ Evidence-backed
Photographing news and real events for publication as a truthful record.

Illustrator4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Editorial and commercial illustration ≈ Platform inference
Illustrating articles, advertising, packaging and marketing for clients.

Keep people on it · 1

Commissioned art for published products ✓ Evidence-backed
Creating final art for cards, books and games that a publisher commissions.

Fashion designer2/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 0New duties 0

Animator and VFX artist4/7 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Rotoscoping and compositing ✓ Evidence-backed
Cutting elements out of footage frame by frame and combining layers into a final shot.

Keep people on it · 1

Character animation ≈ Platform inference
Setting key poses and timing so characters act and move convincingly.

Video editor3/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Logging footage and assembling a rough cut ✓ Evidence-backed
Watching everything, tagging it, transcribing the interviews, pulling selects, laying down a first timeline.
Versions, formats and captions ✓ Evidence-backed
Cutting the same piece to six lengths and three aspect ratios, adding captions, exporting for every platform.

Keep people on it · 2

Finding the story and the rhythm ≈ Platform inference
Deciding what the piece is about, what to cut, where the beat lands, and when to hold a shot one second longer.
Reading and managing the client ≈ Platform inference
Translating 'make it pop' into a change, pushing back on the note that would ruin the piece, delivering on time anyway.

New duties · 1

Directing generated footage ✓ Evidence-backed
Producing shots that were never filmed — generated b-roll, extensions, replacements — and making them cut seamlessly with what was.

Voice actor4/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Narrating audiobooks and e-learning ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading books, courses and corporate material aloud, often for hours, with consistent pace and character voices.
Commercials, promos and phone systems ✓ Evidence-backed
Short reads for advertising, trailers, explainers and the recorded prompts of phone and in-store systems.

Keep people on it · 2

Performing characters for animation and games ≈ Platform inference
Creating and performing characters — reactions, efforts, emotion — often in sessions with a director and other actors.
Auditions, direction and the home studio ≈ Platform inference
Auditioning, taking direction live, and running a home studio good enough to record from.

New duties · 1

Deciding who may copy your voice ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading and negotiating the clauses that let a producer create and use a digital replica of your voice — for what, for how long and for how much.

Musician and composer3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Production, library and advertising music ≈ Platform inference
Writing background and stock music for videos, adverts and media libraries.

Keep people on it · 3

Performing live ≈ Platform inference
Playing and singing for audiences in venues, events and services.
Scoring film, television and games ✓ Evidence-backed
Composing and recording original scores for picture.
Rights, licensing and royalties ✓ Evidence-backed
Licensing music and collecting royalties, and controlling how a voice or style is used.

Actor and model4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Fashion and commercial modelling ✓ Evidence-backed
Posing for campaigns, catalogues, e-commerce and advertisements.

Keep people on it · 3

Principal screen performance ✓ Evidence-backed
Playing speaking and featured roles in film, television and streaming.
Stage and live performance ≈ Platform inference
Performing live in theatre and events.
Likeness rights and consent ✓ Evidence-backed
Controlling how one's face, body and performance are copied and used.

Content creator6/7 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Dubbing and translating for other languages ≈ Platform inference
Making the same video watchable in other languages — subtitles, voice-over, a second channel.

Keep people on it · 3

Being the face and the voice ✓ Evidence-backed
Presenting on camera or on the mic as a person the audience recognises and trusts — the reason they subscribed.
The community ✓ Evidence-backed
Replying to comments, running the live chat, moderating, and being someone the audience feels they know.
Sponsors, disclosure and platform rules ✓ Evidence-backed
Finding and negotiating sponsorships, declaring them properly, and keeping the channel inside each platform's changing rules.

Customer service#

Answering the customer after the sale, and absorbing what went wrong. 2 roles.

Customer service representative3/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Answering repeat questions ✓ Evidence-backed
The same fifty questions, asked in a thousand different ways.
Routing and triage ✓ Evidence-backed
Working out what the customer actually wants and sending it to whoever can do it.

Keep people on it · 2

Handling a customer who is already angry ≈ Platform inference
De-escalating someone who has been let down, often more than once.
Deciding an exception ≈ Platform inference
Choosing to refund, waive or override policy for a specific customer.

New duties · 1

Reviewing what the bot said ✓ Evidence-backed
Auditing automated conversations for wrong answers, bad tone and promises the company cannot keep.

Insurance claims handler5/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Taking the claim ✓ Evidence-backed
First notice of loss: what happened, when, what is damaged, what the policy is.

Keep people on it · 2

The claim that does not fit ≈ Platform inference
The one where the story does not add up, or the loss is real but the policy was never written for it.
Telling someone no ✓ Evidence-backed
Declining a claim to a person who believed they were covered, and holding that conversation.

Operations & fulfilment#

Making what was sold actually happen — scheduling, moving, storing, delivering. 18 roles.

Procurement / supply chain specialist4/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Finding and comparing suppliers ✓ Evidence-backed
Who can make this, at what price, to what spec, by when.
The order and the paperwork ≈ Platform inference
Raising the order, matching it to the invoice and the goods received, chasing the mismatch.

Keep people on it · 2

Negotiating with someone who will remember ✓ Evidence-backed
Agreeing a price with a supplier you will need again next quarter, and in a bad quarter.
Deciding who goes short ≈ Platform inference
When there is not enough to go round, choosing which line stops and which customer is told.

New duties · 1

Answering for who is in the chain ✓ Evidence-backed
Proving where things came from — sanctions, forced labour, emissions, conflict minerals — and being able to show it rather than assert it.

Operations coordinator6/6 evidenced

Change the method 3Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 3

Turning a signed order into a real thing happening ✓ Evidence-backed
Taking what was sold, working out what it actually requires, booking each piece in the right order, and confirming every piece is locked before the date arrives.
Getting the confirmation back out of someone upstream ✓ Evidence-backed
Emailing, calling and re-calling suppliers until availability, price and time are confirmed in writing, then noticing when a reply contradicts the last one.
The paperwork that has to be right ✓ Evidence-backed
Permits, manifests, insurance certificates, customs forms — collecting them, checking the names and numbers match, and catching the one field that is wrong before it stops everything.

Keep people on it · 1

After the plan breaks ✓ Evidence-backed
Something fell through at an hour when nobody answers: deciding in minutes what the least-bad rearrangement is, who to wake up, and what the customer is told.

New duties · 1

Watching the automatic flow for quiet mistakes ✓ Evidence-backed
Spot-checking what the workflow booked, confirmed and sent on its own, and finding the confident error — the one that looks like a normal record and is not.

Supply chain planner4/4 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Demand forecasting ✓ Evidence-backed
Producing the forecast of what customers will buy, by item, place and week, and adjusting it for promotions and events.
Replenishment and inventory ✓ Evidence-backed
Setting safety stock and reorder quantities, deciding what to replenish where, and moving excess stock to where it is needed.

Keep people on it · 1

Planning meetings and trade-offs ✓ Evidence-backed
Balancing supply against sales in sales and operations planning, deciding what gives when capacity, cost and service conflict, and answering for the plan.

Metro train driver6/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 2

Change the method · 2

Driving between stations ✓ Evidence-backed
Setting the train in motion, holding the speed the signalling allows, and stopping it at the right point on the platform, several hundred times a shift.
Closing the doors ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding the platform is clear and the train may leave — the last thing a driver does before the train moves, and the thing that decides whether the timetable holds.

Keep people on it · 2

When the train stops in a tunnel ✓ Evidence-backed
A fire alarm, a person on the track, a failure between stations: deciding what to tell four hundred people, whether to move, and when to open a door onto a live railway.
Being a person who is there ✓ Evidence-backed
Answering the help point, walking the platform, dealing with the passenger who is drunk, lost, unwell or frightened — the part of the job that has no timetable.

New duties · 2

Running the line from a screen ✓ Evidence-backed
Watching every train on the line at once from the control centre, spotting the one that is behaving oddly, and deciding what to regulate before passengers notice.
Taking the train back by hand ✓ Evidence-backed
Driving manually when the automation will not run: a degraded signalling mode, a section under works, moving a failed train out of the way.

Air traffic controller5/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Keep people on it · 3

Keeping aircraft apart ✓ Evidence-backed
Holding a moving picture of a sector in your head and issuing the instructions that keep every pair of aircraft further apart than the minimum, continuously, for the length of a shift.
When the plan breaks ✓ Evidence-backed
An emergency, a radio failure, a runway incursion, a line of weather that closes the arrival gate — the minutes where the standard procedure has run out and someone has to build a new plan while the old one is still moving.
Getting the watch covered ✓ Evidence-backed
Building the roster, filling the holes, tracking time and attendance — the work that decides whether a facility runs a six-day week, done at the facility by people drawn from the same workforce.

New duties · 1

Making room for traffic that has no pilot ≈ Platform inference
Working out how uncrewed aircraft and new kinds of air vehicle share a sector with conventional traffic, and what you say to something that has no one aboard to say it to.

Airline pilot6/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Keep people on it · 3

Flying it by hand ✓ Evidence-backed
Take-off, the approach, the landing, and any moment the automation is switched off — the part of the job where the aircraft goes where your hands put it.
When two systems disagree ✓ Evidence-backed
An engine failure, a decompression, a warning that contradicts another warning, weather that closes the destination after the point where you could have gone elsewhere.
The decision that is signed ✓ Evidence-backed
Accepting the aircraft, the fuel, the weather and the plan — and being the person named when any of them turns out to have been wrong.

New duties · 1

A type rating for an aircraft that did not exist ✓ Evidence-backed
Learning to operate a class of aircraft that only exists because of new propulsion and control automation — and helping work out what its training and checking should even consist of.

Aircraft maintenance technician3/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Troubleshooting and repair ≈ Platform inference
Isolating faults, replacing and repairing components, and doing the physical work on the aircraft to the maintenance manual.
Signing off and return to service ✓ Evidence-backed
Approving the work and the aircraft for return to service, and signing the maintenance record that says so.

Cabin crew5/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Onboard sales and flight paperwork ≈ Platform inference
Selling duty-free and onboard items, handling payments, counting stock and filing the post-flight reports.

Keep people on it · 3

Being ready to evacuate the aircraft ✓ Evidence-backed
Sitting at an assigned exit for take-off and landing, and in an emergency opening the exits, commanding passengers and getting everyone off within seconds.
Handling medical and security incidents ✓ Evidence-backed
Giving first aid, managing a passenger taken ill, and dealing with disruptive or dangerous behaviour until the aircraft can land.
Leading the cabin as crew-in-charge ✓ Evidence-backed
Running the cabin team, briefing them, and answering to the captain for the safety functions of every cabin crew member.

Container port worker4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Moving the box between quay and yard ✓ Evidence-backed
Driving a prime mover under the crane, taking the container to the right stack, waiting, and doing it again several hundred times a shift.

Keep people on it · 2

Lashing the boxes down ≈ Platform inference
Climbing onto a stack to fit and remove the rods and cones that stop a container leaving the ship in bad weather, outdoors, at height, in any weather.
What the contract says a machine may do ✓ Evidence-backed
The clause that decides, before any technology question is asked, whether a terminal may run a crane remotely and who must be holding the controls.

New duties · 1

Keeping the fleet running ✓ Evidence-backed
Recovering the vehicle that has stopped, swapping what has worn out, and reading the system logs against what is actually happening on the wharf.

Warehouse worker3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Moving goods around the building ✓ Evidence-backed
Walking or driving pallets, totes and shelves from where they are to where they need to be.

Keep people on it · 1

Handling what the system cannot ≈ Platform inference
Damaged goods, mislabelled bins, a jam in the conveyor, a return that does not match its record.

New duties · 1

Operating and maintaining the robot fleet ✓ Evidence-backed
Monitoring the fleet, recovering stuck robots, swapping batteries, running the first-line maintenance.

Truck driver3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Highway driving ✓ Evidence-backed
The long, structurally simple middle of a trip — controlled access, predictable lanes, no pedestrians.

Keep people on it · 3

Being responsible for the load ✓ Evidence-backed
Securing, checking, signing for, and answering for cargo that is damaged, short or refused.
Yard manoeuvring and docking ≈ Platform inference
Backing a trailer into a tight bay, in a yard with people walking around and no lane markings.
Handling the trip going wrong ≈ Platform inference
Breakdowns, closures, weather, a receiver who will not accept, a gate that is locked.

New duties · 1

Remote supervision of autonomous fleets ✓ Evidence-backed
Monitoring several autonomous trucks from a desk and intervening when one gets stuck.

Delivery rider / courier5/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Deciding what to deliver next and which way to go ✓ Evidence-backed
Order allocation, batching and routing across a shift.

Keep people on it · 2

The last fifty metres ✓ Evidence-backed
The lift that needs a code, the gate, the sixth floor with no lift, the customer who does not answer, the wrong address.
Managing the platform and the earnings ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing when and where to work, understanding the pay algorithm, disputing a penalty, keeping the rating up.

New duties · 1

Loading, recovering and supervising delivery robots ✓ Evidence-backed
Where robots or drones operate, someone loads them, retrieves the stuck one and handles the delivery it could not finish.

Ride-hail / taxi driver3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Driving the trip ✓ Evidence-backed
Getting the passenger from pickup to drop-off through city traffic, safely and by a sensible route.

Keep people on it · 3

Handling the passenger ≈ Platform inference
The drunk, the frightened, the lost, the one with a wheelchair, the one who will not get out, the medical emergency.
Roads that are not on the map ≈ Platform inference
The unmarked roadworks, the traffic officer's hand signal, the flooded underpass, the airport pickup chaos.
Working the platform ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing hours and zones, reading surge, managing acceptance rates, and absorbing the vehicle, fuel and insurance costs.

New duties · 1

Remote assistance and fleet operations ✓ Evidence-backed
Monitoring vehicles, resolving stuck ones, cleaning and repositioning the fleet, handling the passenger the car cannot.

Bus driver4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 2

Change the method · 1

Driving the route ✓ Evidence-backed
Keeping a full-size vehicle on a fixed route through mixed traffic, stop by stop, to a timetable.

Keep people on it · 2

The passenger in trouble ≈ Platform inference
The collapse at the back, the fight, the lost child, the drunk who will not get off — the moment the bus stops being transport and becomes a small public space someone has to be responsible for.
When the route does not go to plan ≈ Platform inference
Road works, a diversion, a flooded underpass, a breakdown in the middle lane — getting the service and the people on it somewhere safe.

New duties · 2

Watching the bus drive itself ✓ Evidence-backed
Sitting in the driver's seat of an autonomous bus, not driving it, ready to take over when it hesitates or errs.
Supervising several buses from a control room ✓ Evidence-backed
Monitoring a group of autonomous vehicles on screens, deciding what to do when one stops, and dispatching help to the road.

Assembly line worker3/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Repetitive assembly at a fixed station ✓ Evidence-backed
The same insertion, fastening or joining operation on identical parts, at line speed.
Inspection and quality checks ≈ Platform inference
Looking at the part or the product and deciding whether it passes.

Keep people on it · 1

Dexterous or variable assembly ≈ Platform inference
Routing cables, fitting flexible parts, aligning things by feel, handling the product that comes in twelve variants.

New duties · 1

Programming and maintaining the robots ✓ Evidence-backed
Teaching a robot a new path, adjusting the vision system, running preventive maintenance on the line's automation.

Cleaner / janitor4/4 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Large open floors ✓ Evidence-backed
Scrubbing and vacuuming a big, mostly empty, mostly flat space — an airport concourse, a supermarket aisle, a warehouse.
Being scheduled and measured ✓ Evidence-backed
Clocking in at a site, following a route sheet, and having the work verified — increasingly by a sensor, a QR scan or a photograph.

Keep people on it · 2

The awkward square metres ✓ Evidence-backed
Edges, corners, stairs, under things, behind things, bathrooms — and whatever has been spilled, broken or left behind today.
Noticing what the building is doing ✓ Evidence-backed
The leak that has not reached the ceiling yet, the door that stopped latching, the smell in the plant room — spotted because you are the only person who walks every part of the building every day.

Security guard4/4 evidenced

Change the method 3Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 3

Watching the screens ✓ Evidence-backed
Sitting in front of a wall of camera feeds looking for the thing that is out of place.
Controlling the door ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding who comes in: badges, visitors, deliveries, the contractor who is not on the list but is expected.
The log and the report ✓ Evidence-backed
Recording patrols, incidents and handovers in a form that will stand up if it is ever read in an investigation.

Keep people on it · 1

Walking toward the situation ✓ Evidence-backed
Being the person who physically approaches the argument, the intruder, the person who is unwell — and de-escalates it or calls it in.

E-commerce operations specialist2/4 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Writing the listing ✓ Evidence-backed
Titles, keywords, descriptions, the detail images and the variant table — for hundreds or thousands of items.
Buying the traffic ✓ Evidence-backed
Bidding, budgets and the daily decision about how much to pay for a customer this platform will rent you.

Keep people on it · 2

Reading what the numbers mean ≈ Platform inference
Noticing that conversion fell because of a review, a competitor's price, a rule change or a picture that stopped loading — from a dashboard that says none of those things.
The platform changed the rules again ≈ Platform inference
Working out what a new policy, fee or ranking change actually means for this shop, and what to do about it before competitors do.

Finance#

Keeping the books true, closing the period, and telling management what the numbers mean. 10 roles.

Accountant / Bookkeeper4/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Entering and coding transactions ✓ Evidence-backed
Taking invoices, receipts and bank lines and putting them into the ledger under the right account.
Reconciliation ✓ Evidence-backed
Matching ledger entries against bank statements and sub-ledgers, and chasing the differences.

Keep people on it · 2

Explaining the numbers to decision-makers ≈ Platform inference
Translating financial position into what a founder, manager or board should actually do about it.
Judging the ambiguous case ≈ Platform inference
Deciding treatment when the rule does not cleanly cover the transaction.

New duties · 1

Supervising the automation itself ✓ Evidence-backed
Checking what the tools produced, catching silent errors, and owning the result when a model got it wrong.

Auditor6/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Sampling and testing ✓ Evidence-backed
Pulling a sample of transactions and checking them against the supporting documents.

Keep people on it · 3

Deciding where to look ✓ Evidence-backed
Risk assessment: which accounts, which estimates, which part of this business could hide something.
Asking the question that gets a real answer ✓ Evidence-backed
Sitting across from a finance director and working out what is not being said.
Signing it ✓ Evidence-backed
Being the named person whose licence stands behind the opinion, and who answers if it was wrong.

New duties · 1

Owning what the machine drafted ✓ Evidence-backed
Checking machine-drafted professional output before it leaves under the firm's name — citations, quotations, the things that look right.

Financial analyst5/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Gathering data and summarising filings ✓ Evidence-backed
Pulling numbers from reports, transcribing earnings calls, summarising 200-page filings into a page.

Keep people on it · 1

Deciding what to assume ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing the growth rate, the margin path, the discount rate — and being able to say why to someone who disagrees.

New duties · 1

Orchestrating the analytical tooling ✓ Evidence-backed
Setting up the data feeds, model assistants and checks so the team's output is fast and trustworthy.

Quantitative analyst5/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Model validation and challenge ✓ Evidence-backed
Independently testing whether models are sound, challenging their assumptions and approving them for use.
Deploying strategies and answering for them ✓ Evidence-backed
Taking strategies live, approving changes, and being the person responsible for what an algorithm does in the market.

Loan officer / credit officer4/4 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Scoring the application ✓ Evidence-backed
Turning income, history and collateral into a decision about the ordinary case that fits the policy.
Gathering the file ✓ Evidence-backed
Chasing documents, verifying them, filling the forms, and getting the package to a state where somebody will look at it.

Keep people on it · 2

Arguing the exception ✓ Evidence-backed
The self-employed applicant whose income is real and does not look it, the business with one bad year for a reason — building the case for lending outside the model.
Being the name on the file ✓ Evidence-backed
Approving within your limit, and answering for the decision at the credit committee and, later, to the regulator.

Actuary4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Preparing the data and the experience study ≈ Platform inference
Pulling policy and claims records together, cleaning them, and working out what actually happened against what was assumed.

Keep people on it · 2

Signing off on the numbers ✓ Evidence-backed
Giving the formal opinion that the reserves are adequate or the underwriting policy is sound — the statement a regulator reads with a person's name on it.
Explaining the number to the people who decide ≈ Platform inference
Telling a board, a product team or a regulator what the model assumes, where it is weak, and what would change the answer.

New duties · 1

Testing a model for unfair discrimination ✓ Evidence-backed
Running the checks that show whether a model treats protected groups differently, before it goes live and again afterwards, and documenting the answer.

Insurance underwriter4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Underwriting standard applications ✓ Evidence-backed
Accepting or declining straightforward applications — healthy applicants, small sums, standard small-business risks — against the insurer's rules.

Keep people on it · 1

Referrals, agents and brokers ≈ Platform inference
Handling the cases the rules refer out, answering agents' and brokers' questions, and explaining a decline or a loading.

New duties · 1

Maintaining the rules the machine decides by ✓ Evidence-backed
Writing and tuning automated underwriting rules, checking their decisions, and watching for unfair or drifting outcomes.

Financial adviser / financial planner5/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Building and rebalancing portfolios for smaller investors ✓ Evidence-backed
Putting a beginner or small investor into a diversified portfolio and keeping it in line over time.

Keep people on it · 1

Staying with the client over time ✓ Evidence-backed
Regular reviews, adjusting the plan when life changes, and helping clients hold their nerve when markets fall.

New duties · 1

Checking advice clients bring from software ≈ Platform inference
Reviewing plans and product suggestions clients got from chatbots or apps, and explaining where they do not fit.

Tax preparer / tax agent6/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Preparing simple individual returns ✓ Evidence-backed
Filling in returns for people whose income is mainly a salary and whose reliefs are standard.
Gathering income records ✓ Evidence-backed
Collecting pay slips, commission statements and other income records from clients before a return can be done.

Keep people on it · 2

Advising on reliefs and planning ✓ Evidence-backed
Telling clients which reliefs they can claim, and how decisions such as selling property or starting a business will affect their tax.
Dealing with the tax authority ✓ Evidence-backed
Answering the authority's queries, objecting to assessments and representing clients in audits.

New duties · 1

Checking pre-filled tax bills ✓ Evidence-backed
Reviewing tax bills and returns the authority has already filled in, and catching income or reliefs that are missing or wrong.

Payroll specialist / payroll clerk1/4 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Calculating and running payroll ≈ Platform inference
Collecting hours, leave and changes, calculating gross-to-net pay, and running each pay cycle.
Tax and social-contribution filings ✓ Evidence-backed
Preparing and submitting the pay, tax and social-security returns employers owe the state.

Keep people on it · 1

Compliance, exceptions and corrections ≈ Platform inference
Applying changing rules, handling unusual cases, fixing errors and reconciling payroll with the accounts.

People & HR#

Finding, hiring and keeping the people the other functions need. 1 roles.

HR / recruiter3/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Sourcing and screening candidates ✓ Evidence-backed
Searching for profiles, reading hundreds of applications, scheduling and running first-round screens.
HR administration ✓ Evidence-backed
Onboarding paperwork, payroll inputs, leave, benefits queries, policy questions answered for the hundredth time.

Keep people on it · 2

Deciding whom to hire ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading a person in an interview, weighing the panel's disagreement, and making the call the manager will live with.
Handling difficult situations ≈ Platform inference
Grievances, performance problems, restructurings, the conversation nobody wants to have.

New duties · 1

Redesigning jobs around automation ≈ Platform inference
Working out which tasks in which roles are changing, what the new roles look like, and how to move people into them.

Legal & compliance#

Saying what the company may do, and carrying the consequence when it is wrong. 6 roles.

Lawyer4/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Keep people on it · 2

Giving advice someone will act on ✓ Evidence-backed
Telling a client what to do given the law, the facts, the money and the risk they can stomach.
Advocacy and appearances ≈ Platform inference
Standing up in a room and persuading a judge, tribunal, regulator or counterparty in real time.

New duties · 1

Supervising machine-assisted work ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding what the tools may be used for, and signing for the output as if you had done it yourself.

Paralegal3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

First-pass document review ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading thousands of emails, contracts or disclosures to flag which ones matter for the case or the deal.

Keep people on it · 1

Client and witness contact ≈ Platform inference
Getting documents out of a reluctant client, preparing a nervous witness, explaining what happens next.

New duties · 1

Checking what the tools produced ✓ Evidence-backed
Confirming that a cited case exists, that a summary matches the source, that a generated clause does not contradict another.

Court reporter2/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Recording court proceedings ✓ Evidence-backed
Capturing every word of a hearing as it happens.
Live captioning ≈ Platform inference
Writing live text of speech for broadcasts, events and people with hearing loss.

Keep people on it · 2

Swearing in and certifying the record ✓ Evidence-backed
Swearing in witnesses and certifying that a transcript is accurate.
Reporting depositions ≈ Platform inference
Recording sworn testimony taken outside court for litigation.

Judge / magistrate5/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Hearing cases and running proceedings ✓ Evidence-backed
Presiding in court, hearing evidence and argument, and keeping proceedings fair and orderly.
Deciding the case ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding who wins, what the law requires and what sentence to impose.

Compliance officer4/4 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Working the alerts ✓ Evidence-backed
Transaction monitoring, sanctions screening, the flagged payment — deciding which of hundreds is worth investigating.
Proving it was done ✓ Evidence-backed
Keeping the record that shows a control operated, a decision was reviewed and a policy was followed — for a regulator who will arrive later.

Keep people on it · 1

Saying no to the business ✓ Evidence-backed
Blocking a deal, a client or a product launch, and holding the position when the revenue owner escalates.

Notary3/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Keeping registers and records ✓ Evidence-backed
Keeping the original deeds and registers, issuing copies and passing data to registries and authorities.

Keep people on it · 2

Explaining and witnessing signatures ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading or explaining the document to the parties and witnessing them sign, in person or by video where the law allows.
Drafting deeds (civil-law notaries) ≈ Platform inference
Drafting property sales, wills, company documents and other deeds so that they are valid and enforceable.

Technology & data#

Building and running the systems the business works through, and reading what they record. 20 roles.

Junior software developer4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Writing routine code ✓ Evidence-backed
CRUD endpoints, forms, standard integrations, tests for known patterns.

Keep people on it · 2

Turning a vague request into a spec ≈ Platform inference
Asking the questions that reveal what should actually be built.
Deciding how pieces fit together ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing structure and trade-offs that will still hold in two years.

New duties · 1

Reviewing generated code ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading plausible code carefully enough to catch what is confidently wrong.

Experienced software engineer4/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 4New duties 2

Keep people on it · 4

Changing a system you did not write ✓ Evidence-backed
Making a change inside a large, long-lived codebase where the constraints are undocumented and live in what previous decisions already committed to.
Designing for how it fails ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing a structure, and choosing which failure modes to accept — knowing what happens at 3am when a dependency is down and half the requests are already in flight.
Deciding what ships ≈ Platform inference
Being the person who says this goes out now, with this known risk, and answers for it afterwards.
Making someone else able to do it ≈ Platform inference
Review that teaches, pairing, and the deliberate handing over of context — the mechanism by which a team keeps having people who can judge.

New duties · 2

Reviewing what the machine wrote ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading code you did not write and were not there for, and deciding whether it is right — at a volume that rises as generation gets cheaper.
Owning the agents that write and change code ✓ Evidence-backed
Setting what an automated coding agent may do unattended, what it must ask about, and where its output enters the branch — then being the name attached to that setting.

Frontend developer5/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Turning a design into a working interface ✓ Evidence-backed
Taking a mockup or a description and producing the markup, styles and component structure that render it.

Keep people on it · 3

The states nobody drew ≈ Platform inference
Empty, loading, partial, offline, error, slow, and the one where the user pressed the button twice — deciding what each should do and making it happen.
Making it work for everyone, because it is required ✓ Evidence-backed
Keyboard paths, screen-reader semantics, contrast, focus order — and, increasingly, being able to show that you did it.
Owning the components everyone else uses ✓ Evidence-backed
The shared library: deciding what belongs in it, what a change breaks, and who has to be told.

New duties · 1

Building interfaces for things that answer back ✓ Evidence-backed
Streaming responses, uncertainty, citations, stop buttons, and what the screen does when the model is wrong or slow.

Backend developer6/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 4New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Endpoints and the plumbing between them ✓ Evidence-backed
CRUD, validation, serialisation, calling one service from another, and the tests for all of it.

Keep people on it · 4

Keeping it correct when things happen at once ✓ Evidence-backed
Transactions, idempotency, retries, ordering — deciding what must never be true and making sure it never is.
The data model, and changing it while it is in use ✓ Evidence-backed
Designing what is stored, and migrating it later without stopping the service or losing anything.
Who is allowed to see what ✓ Evidence-backed
Authorisation, tenancy boundaries, what leaks through an error message, and what an internal endpoint exposes if someone finds it.
Being the one the pager wakes ✓ Evidence-backed
On-call: deciding under time pressure what to roll back, what to degrade, and what to tell people while it is still broken.

Data engineer4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Building the pipeline ✓ Evidence-backed
Extracting from a source, reshaping it, loading it somewhere queryable, and scheduling the whole thing.

Keep people on it · 3

When the data is wrong and nothing errored ✓ Evidence-backed
A field changed meaning upstream, a job ran twice, a timezone shifted — and every dashboard is still green.
Owning what a number means ✓ Evidence-backed
Defining active user, revenue, churn — and holding that definition when two teams want it to mean different things.
What must be kept, deleted, or never collected ≈ Platform inference
Retention windows, deletion requests, where personal data is allowed to sit, and being able to show it.

New duties · 1

Feeding the systems that answer in sentences ✓ Evidence-backed
Getting the right documents, the right freshness and the right access rules into whatever the AI feature reads from.

Machine learning engineer6/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Building a model for the problem ✓ Evidence-backed
Picking an architecture, training it on your data, tuning it until the numbers move.
Hand-crafting the inputs ✓ Evidence-backed
Designing the derived signals a model learns from, by hand, from domain knowledge.

Keep people on it · 1

Deciding what counts as good enough ✓ Evidence-backed
Building the test set, choosing the metric, and saying whether this thing may be used on real people yet.

New duties · 1

Answering for what it does to people ✓ Evidence-backed
Explaining a decision the system made about someone, showing the inputs were fit for the purpose, and being the named person when it is challenged.

AI researcher5/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Turning an idea into a running experiment ✓ Evidence-backed
Writing the training code, the evaluation harness and the infrastructure that lets an idea be tested at all.
Keeping the rig running ✓ Evidence-backed
Diagnosing why a run died, why the cluster is idle, why the numbers from two machines disagree — the plumbing between an idea and a result.

Keep people on it · 3

Reading what a result actually means ≈ Platform inference
Deciding whether the number moved for the reason you think, whether it will hold at a larger scale, and whether it is worth anything outside the benchmark.
Choosing what to work on at all ✓ Evidence-backed
Picking which direction is worth a quarter of a team's compute, and which promising thing to stop.
Stopping it ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding that something must be paused, restricted or not shipped — and being the person who says so while the work is going well.

New duties · 1

Steering the thing that runs the experiment ✓ Evidence-backed
Watching a long agent task, noticing it has gone the wrong way, and stepping in — repeatedly, before the result is worth anything.

Software tester / QA engineer5/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Manual regression testing ✓ Evidence-backed
Clicking through the same flows every release to confirm nothing that used to work has broken.
Writing test cases and automation ✓ Evidence-backed
Turning requirements into cases, and cases into scripts that run in the pipeline.

Keep people on it · 2

Exploratory and adversarial testing ✓ Evidence-backed
Trying the thing nobody specified: the weird input, the race, the user who does step 3 before step 2.
Deciding whether it ships ✓ Evidence-backed
Weighing the open bugs, the risk, the deadline and the business, and saying yes or no.

New duties · 1

Testing systems with a model inside ✓ Evidence-backed
Evaluating software whose output is not deterministic — building evaluation sets, catching regressions in behaviour, testing for harmful outputs.

Data analyst5/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Writing queries and building dashboards ✓ Evidence-backed
Translating 'how many users did X last month' into SQL, and wiring the result into a chart someone can refresh.

Keep people on it · 2

Working out what is really being asked ✓ Evidence-backed
Turning a manager's vague worry into a measurable question, and knowing which definition of 'active user' they mean.
Knowing when the data is lying ✓ Evidence-backed
Spotting the broken pipeline, the duplicated events, the timezone bug, the definition that changed in March.

New duties · 1

Owning the definitions the tools rely on ✓ Evidence-backed
Maintaining the metric definitions, the documentation and the semantic layer that make natural-language querying produce correct answers.

Data scientist2/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Keep people on it · 3

Framing the question and the metric ≈ Platform inference
Working out what the decision-maker actually needs to know, and which measurable quantity would answer it without rewarding the wrong thing.
Explaining what it means, and what it does not ≈ Platform inference
Presenting the result so the person deciding understands the uncertainty, the assumptions and what would change the answer.
Designing experiments and reading causes ≈ Platform inference
Setting up the A/B test or the study so the answer can be trusted, and saying whether a change caused the result or merely came with it.

New duties · 1

Challenging and auditing models ✓ Evidence-backed
Independently testing someone else's model — whether it works, where it fails, whether it treats groups unfairly — and documenting it for a regulator or auditor.

Statistician5/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Processing and coding data ✓ Evidence-backed
Cleaning, editing and classifying responses so that they can be counted, such as coding written answers into occupations and industries.

Keep people on it · 2

Designing surveys, samples and trials ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding who to sample, how many, how to ask and how to analyse, and writing the analysis plan before data arrive.
Advising and communicating results ✓ Evidence-backed
Explaining what results mean and how far they can be trusted to policymakers, clinicians and the public.

Economist3/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Keep people on it · 1

Policy analysis and advice ✓ Evidence-backed
Turning analysis into judgements for decision-makers: briefings, scenarios and recommendations they will act on.

Business analyst1/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Workshops and stakeholder alignment ≈ Platform inference
Running workshops, resolving conflicting demands between departments, and getting agreement on scope and priorities.
Acceptance and change management ≈ Platform inference
Checking with users that what was delivered meets the requirements, handling change requests, and preparing people for the new way of working.

Business systems owner5/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Keeping the records worth trusting ✓ Evidence-backed
Duplicates, half-filled fields, statuses nobody updates, three spellings of the same customer — finding them and deciding which version is the real one.
Making the numbers mean something ✓ Evidence-backed
Building the reports management steers by, and being the one who knows which of those numbers is solid and which is held together by an assumption.

Keep people on it · 1

Getting the team to use it properly ✓ Evidence-backed
Training, answering the same question for the fifth time, and finding out that the reason a field is always empty is that filling it costs someone twenty seconds they do not have.

New duties · 1

Deciding what the system may decide alone ✓ Evidence-backed
Which actions the automation takes without a person — assigning an owner, scoring a lead, sending a message, closing a record — and what happens when it is unsure.

IT support specialist / helpdesk3/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

The ticket you have seen four hundred times ✓ Evidence-backed
Password resets, account unlocks, access requests, the printer, the VPN — the same twenty problems that make up most of the queue.

Keep people on it · 3

Finding out what actually happened ✓ Evidence-backed
Reconstructing the real sequence of events from a report that is confident, well-meaning and wrong about a key detail.
Going to the desk ≈ Platform inference
The physical half: hardware swaps, cabling, the meeting room that will not project, setting up the new starter.
Being the one who says no ✓ Evidence-backed
Refusing the access request that should not be granted, spotting the call that is a social-engineering attempt, and deciding what a person is allowed to do to their own machine.

Security analyst (SOC)3/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Working the alert queue ✓ Evidence-backed
Going through hundreds of alerts a shift and deciding which two are worth looking at.

Keep people on it · 2

Deciding it is an incident ✓ Evidence-backed
Calling it: waking people up, pulling a system off the network, telling the business it has a problem — on incomplete information and before you can be sure.
Looking for what nothing alerted on ✓ Evidence-backed
Starting from a hypothesis rather than an alert — assuming something is already inside and going to look for it.

DevOps engineer / platform engineer / SRE3/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Writing the configuration ✓ Evidence-backed
Infrastructure as code, pipeline definitions, manifests — the large volume of structured text that describes what should exist.

Keep people on it · 2

Being woken up ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding at 3 a.m., under time pressure and with partial information, what to roll back, what to degrade and what to tell people while it is still broken.
Deciding how it should be built ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing the architecture, the failure modes you are willing to have, and what the team will still be able to operate in two years.

Network engineer4/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 0New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Configuration and changes ✓ Evidence-backed
Making configuration changes to routers, switches, firewalls and radio networks, and managing them safely.
Routine administration ≈ Platform inference
Keeping enterprise networks and systems patched, backed up and running day to day.

Technical writer / documentation engineer3/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Drafting the reference ✓ Evidence-backed
The API reference, the parameter table, the release note, the changelog entry — documentation whose content is determined by the code.

Keep people on it · 3

Actually using the thing you are documenting ✓ Evidence-backed
Following your own instructions on a clean machine and finding the step that was obvious to the engineer and impossible for everyone else.
Deciding what does not get written ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing which twenty per cent of the surface area gets documented properly, and refusing the rest.
Getting the answer out of an engineer ≈ Platform inference
Working out which of five people knows why it behaves like that, and getting fifteen minutes of their time to find out.

Grant writer / grants officer2/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Finding and screening funding ≈ Platform inference
Finding funders and calls that fit the organisation's work, and deciding which are worth applying for.
Reporting to funders ≈ Platform inference
Writing progress and final reports that show what the money achieved, and keeping records funders can audit.

Product & design#

Deciding what the thing should be, and what it should be like to use. 2 roles.

Product / UX designer5/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Producing screens and components ✓ Evidence-backed
Turning a decided flow into high-fidelity mockups, states, variants and hand-off specs.

Keep people on it · 2

Defining the right problem ✓ Evidence-backed
Working out what users are actually trying to do, where the current product fails them, and what is worth fixing first.
Getting the team to agree ✓ Evidence-backed
Persuading engineering that the extra state is worth building and product that the shortcut will cost users, in the same week.

New duties · 1

Designing for non-deterministic products ✓ Evidence-backed
Shaping products whose output varies — conversational interfaces, agents, generated content — where the old screen-by-screen craft does not apply.

Product manager4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 4New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Writing the requirement down ✓ Evidence-backed
Specs, tickets, acceptance criteria, the document that goes to engineering and the deck that goes upward.

Keep people on it · 4

Deciding what not to build ✓ Evidence-backed
Saying no to a customer, an executive and an engineer in the same week, with a reason each of them can repeat.
Finding out what is actually wrong ✓ Evidence-backed
Talking to people who use the thing, and working out which of what they said is true, which is polite, and which is a solution in disguise.
Getting three teams to move together ≈ Platform inference
Engineering, design, sales, legal and support all acting on the same decision, none of whom report to you.
Being wrong in public ≈ Platform inference
The feature shipped, the number did not move, and somebody has to say so and decide what happens next.

New duties · 1

Specifying what a generative feature may do to a user ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding what the feature is allowed to get wrong, what it must show its working for, what it must refuse, and what happens when it fails in front of a customer.

Administration#

The coordination, records and scheduling everything else assumes is already handled. 5 roles.

Administrative assistant3/5 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Scheduling and correspondence ✓ Evidence-backed
Finding the slot six people can make, drafting the reply, chasing the confirmation, rescheduling when it all moves.
Expenses, travel and documents ✓ Evidence-backed
Booking, reconciling, filing, formatting, and getting the right form to the right system.

Keep people on it · 2

Gatekeeping and knowing what matters ≈ Platform inference
Deciding who gets through, what the executive needs to see today, and what can wait — based on knowing the person and the organisation.
Events and physical logistics ≈ Platform inference
The offsite, the board dinner, the visitor who arrives early, the projector that does not work.

New duties · 1

Operating the executive's assistants ✓ Evidence-backed
Configuring, supervising and correcting the software assistants that now handle the routine — and catching what they get wrong.

Data entry clerk2/4 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Keying data from documents ✓ Evidence-backed
Typing data from paper forms, scans and statements into systems.
Opening mail and preparing documents ≈ Platform inference
Opening, sorting and preparing paper for scanning or keying.

Keep people on it · 1

Handling exceptions ≈ Platform inference
Dealing with documents the system cannot read, sensitive data and unusual cases.

Government service clerk6/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Taking the application ✓ Evidence-backed
Checking that the materials are complete, that the identity matches, and that this is the right counter.

Keep people on it · 3

The case the form was not written for ✓ Evidence-backed
The applicant whose documents were destroyed, whose household registration does not match, whose situation has no box.
The person who cannot use the app ✓ Evidence-backed
The older applicant, the one without a smartphone, the one whose name the system cannot render.
Getting departments to move together ✓ Evidence-backed
One life event that touches four agencies with four rules, four systems and four definitions of the same word.

New duties · 1

Answering for what the platform decided ✓ Evidence-backed
Explaining to a citizen why the system rejected them, and being the route by which that gets fixed.

Receptionist / front desk3/4 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 2

Signing people in ✓ Evidence-backed
Visitor registration, badges, notifying the host, the delivery, the courier who needs a signature.
The phone and the routing ≈ Platform inference
Working out, from a vague description of a problem, which of forty people is the right one — and whether this caller should reach them at all.

Keep people on it · 1

Whatever walks in ✓ Evidence-backed
The unhappy visitor, the alarm, the person who is unwell in the lobby, the journalist, the delivery of something nobody ordered.

Medical coder4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Coding short, routine charts ✓ Evidence-backed
High-volume encounters with short, standard documents — imaging reports, lab orders, simple outpatient visits.

Keep people on it · 1

Querying doctors when the record is unclear ✓ Evidence-backed
Asking the treating doctor to clarify a diagnosis that is missing, vague or contradictory before the chart can be coded.

New duties · 1

Reviewing codes that software suggested or assigned ✓ Evidence-backed
Accepting, correcting or rejecting machine-suggested codes, and working the queue of charts the software could not code with confidence.

First-line management#

The layer above the work: allocating it, watching it, and answering for it. 3 roles.

First-line manager / team supervisor4/6 evidenced

Change the method 3Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 3

Deciding who does what today ✓ Evidence-backed
Matching people to shifts, jobs and queues — who is free, who is fast at this, who is owed a better week — and reshuffling the whole thing when someone calls in sick.
Writing the review and giving the feedback ✓ Evidence-backed
Assembling half a year of someone's work into an assessment, saying it to their face, and defending it when it decides their pay.
Telling the floor above what happened ≈ Platform inference
Turning a week of shifts, incidents and numbers into something the layer above can act on, and deciding what is worth raising at all.

Keep people on it · 1

The conversation that keeps someone ≈ Platform inference
Finding out why someone is about to leave while there is still time, and either fixing it or telling them honestly that you cannot.

New duties · 1

Defending a decision the system made ✓ Evidence-backed
Explaining to the person in front of you why the scheduler gave them that shift, why the score says what it says, and overriding it when it is wrong — on the record.

Project manager4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Status reports, minutes and summaries ✓ Evidence-backed
Writing the weekly status report, the meeting minutes, the executive summary and the notes that keep everyone working from the same picture.

Keep people on it · 2

Aligning stakeholders and negotiating trade-offs ≈ Platform inference
Getting sponsors, teams and suppliers to agree on scope, dates and priorities — and to keep agreeing when things change.
Leading the team and clearing blockers ≈ Platform inference
Keeping people moving: noticing who is stuck, removing what blocks them, and holding the team together when the project gets hard.

New duties · 1

Deciding where AI output enters the project ✓ Evidence-backed
Checking AI-drafted plans and reports before they go out, and setting what the team may hand to AI tools and what it may not.

Management consultant2/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Building the deck ✓ Evidence-backed
Research, benchmarking, market sizing, the analysis, and turning all of it into forty slides that make an argument.

Keep people on it · 3

Finding the question behind the question ≈ Platform inference
Working out that the client asking how to cut costs is really asking how to justify a decision they have already made, or how to move a person without saying so.
Being the outside voice ≈ Platform inference
Saying the thing three people inside the company have been saying for a year, and having it land because it came from outside.
Getting three departments to move ✓ Evidence-backed
Running the workshops, chasing the owners, and holding a programme together across teams that do not report to each other or to you.

AI & transformation#

A box that did not exist on most org charts three years ago: making the tools land inside the functions above, and answering for them when they do not. 1 roles.

AI implementation lead4/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 4New duties 0

Keep people on it · 4

Deciding what to try first ✓ Evidence-backed
Looking at everything the company does, and picking the one or two places where a tool would actually change a number — rather than the places that demo well.
Deciding what it may do unsupervised ✓ Evidence-backed
Writing down which actions the system takes alone, which need a person, what it must never send, and what happens when it is unsure.
Getting people to actually use it ✓ Evidence-backed
Sitting with the people whose work it changes, finding out why they went back to the old way, and fixing the reason rather than reminding them again.
Being there when it gets something wrong ≈ Platform inference
Working out what happened, telling whoever was affected, deciding whether to switch it off, and saying what changes so it does not happen the same way twice.

Core delivery (industry-specific)#

Content moderator5/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Working the queue ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding, item after item, whether a piece of content breaks a written rule — the same few dozen rules against millions of items.

Keep people on it · 3

The call the rule does not decide ✓ Evidence-backed
Satire, reclaimed slurs, a war video that is evidence, a medical image that is not what it looks like — the item where applying the rule literally gives the wrong answer.
Turning a value into an enforceable line ≈ Platform inference
Rewriting a policy until two reviewers on different continents reach the same verdict on the same item — and until a classifier can be trained on it.
Looking at the worst of it ✓ Evidence-backed
Being the person who watches the thing nobody else should have to, and carrying whatever that costs.

New duties · 1

Correcting the system that replaced the queue ✓ Evidence-backed
Labelling the cases it got wrong, finding the pattern behind a cluster of bad calls, and being the person who can say why a rule and a model disagree.

Registered nurse3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Documentation and handover notes ✓ Evidence-backed
Charting observations, writing care notes, preparing the handover — often an hour or more per shift.

Keep people on it · 2

Hands-on care ≈ Platform inference
Medication, wounds, lines, moving and washing patients, and everything that involves touching a frightened person.
Talking to patients and families ✓ Evidence-backed
Explaining what is happening, absorbing fear and anger, translating the doctor, sitting with someone at 3 a.m.

New duties · 1

Working with clinical decision tools ≈ Platform inference
Using and overriding the alerts, triage suggestions and documentation drafts, and reporting when they are wrong.

Midwife2/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Monitoring labour ✓ Evidence-backed
Listening to or tracing the baby's heart rate during labour, reading the trace and deciding when to escalate.
Attending births and emergencies ≈ Platform inference
Supporting the woman through birth, delivering the baby, handling bleeding, resuscitating newborns and calling for help.

Radiologist5/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Reading the routine study ✓ Evidence-backed
High-volume, pattern-clear work: screening mammograms, chest films, follow-up scans where the question is narrow and the answer is usually normal.

Keep people on it · 2

Catching what nobody asked about ✓ Evidence-backed
The scan was ordered for a back injury; the thing that matters is in the corner of the image and has nothing to do with the back.
Procedures done inside a person ≈ Platform inference
Image-guided biopsies, drains, embolisation — interventional work where the image is the guidance rather than the product.

New duties · 1

Answering for the machine that read it ✓ Evidence-backed
Validating a tool on your own population before switching it on, watching for drift after, and being the named person on a report the machine helped write.

Pathologist4/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Signing out the diagnosis ✓ Evidence-backed
Integrating everything into the final report and answering for it.
Frozen sections during surgery ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading a rapidly frozen sample while the surgeon waits, and calling the result into the theatre.

Radiographer / radiologic technologist5/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Keep people on it · 3

Radiation safety and dose ✓ Evidence-backed
Keeping the dose as low as it can be for the image needed, protecting the patient, staff and public, and recording what was given.
Checking the imaging request ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading the request, confirming the patient and the examination are right, and checking for reasons not to go ahead, such as pregnancy or an implant that is unsafe in an MRI scanner.
Looking after the patient during the exam ≈ Platform inference
Explaining what will happen, getting the patient's cooperation, and watching for a reaction to a contrast agent or distress inside the scanner.

New duties · 1

Acting on software that flags findings ✓ Evidence-backed
Where a department uses software that flags a possible urgent finding as images are taken, making sure the flag reaches the right doctor in time and that the patient is not sent away first.

General practitioner / primary care doctor3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Writing the visit down ✓ Evidence-backed
The note: what the patient said, what you found, what you thought, what you did — written to a standard that another clinician and, later, a lawyer can both read.

Keep people on it · 3

Putting hands on the patient ≈ Platform inference
Looking, feeling, listening — and the part nobody writes down: noticing that this person looks unwell in a way the numbers do not yet show.
Deciding it together, and saying the hard thing ≈ Platform inference
Explaining a trade-off to someone frightened, finding out what they actually want, and telling people news they did not come in expecting.
Holding the prescribing pen ✓ Evidence-backed
Signing for a prescription, a referral, a sick note or a test — the acts where the doctor's name is what makes the thing valid.

New duties · 1

Working out what it is ✓ Evidence-backed
Taking a story that does not fit a textbook, deciding which two or three things it could be, and choosing which one to act on before you can be sure.

Surgeon4/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Keep people on it · 3

Deciding whether to operate, and the consent ✓ Evidence-backed
Weighing the diagnosis, the patient's condition and what they want against the risks, and agreeing with the patient exactly what will and will not be done.
Operating by hand and through the laparoscope ≈ Platform inference
The open and keyhole operation itself: dissecting, controlling bleeding, removing or repairing tissue, and closing.
What the scans did not show ✓ Evidence-backed
The adhesion, the second tumour, the bleed, the anatomy that is not where it should be — deciding mid-operation whether to go on, change the plan or stop.

Anaesthesiologist / anaesthetist3/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Airway management and emergencies ✓ Evidence-backed
Placing and securing breathing tubes, handling a difficult airway, and leading the response when something goes wrong.
Recovery and pain management ≈ Platform inference
Waking the patient safely, handing over to recovery staff, and planning pain relief after surgery.

Respiratory therapist0/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Keep people on it · 1

Airway care and breathing treatments ≈ Platform inference
Giving nebulised medicines and chest physiotherapy, suctioning airways and assisting with intubation.

Optometrist2/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Spotting eye disease in retinal images ✓ Evidence-backed
Photographing and reading the back of the eye for signs of diabetic eye disease, glaucoma and macular degeneration.

Keep people on it · 1

Fitting contact lenses ≈ Platform inference
Measuring the eye, choosing and fitting lenses, and checking how they sit and how the eye tolerates them.

Care worker / nursing assistant4/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

The record and the handover ✓ Evidence-backed
Charting what was done and what was observed, and telling the next shift what they need to know in the four minutes before they take over.

Keep people on it · 2

The body work ✓ Evidence-backed
Washing, dressing, toileting, transferring someone from a bed to a chair — physical tasks performed on a person who may resist, be in pain, or weigh more than you.
Being the person who is there ✓ Evidence-backed
Talking, listening, being known — for many people receiving care this is the majority of their human contact in a day.

New duties · 1

Noticing something changed ✓ Evidence-backed
Registering that this person is quieter, or hotter, or eating less, or confused in a way they were not yesterday — and deciding whether it is worth escalating.

Counsellor / psychotherapist5/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Being there at three in the morning ✓ Evidence-backed
Low-intensity support at the moment it is wanted: someone is awake, anxious, and there is no appointment for eleven days.

Keep people on it · 3

Noticing what is not being said ≈ Platform inference
The thing a person circles for six sessions before naming, and the thing they change the subject away from.
The relationship itself ✓ Evidence-backed
Being a specific person the client keeps coming back to, over months, who remembers and who can be disappointed.
Making a therapeutic decision ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding this person is at risk, that the plan has to change, or that they need someone other than you.

New duties · 1

Answering for a tool in the room ✓ Evidence-backed
If a transcription, triage or drafting tool touches a session, deciding what the client is told and what happens to the recording.

Psychologist4/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Giving standardised tests ≈ Platform inference
Administering cognitive, personality and educational tests under their standard conditions.
Psychotherapy ✓ Evidence-backed
Treating a person over a course of sessions and deciding when the plan has to change.

Dietitian / nutritionist2/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Menu planning for institutions ✓ Evidence-backed
Planning weeks of menus for a hospital, school or care home within nutrient and cost limits.

Keep people on it · 1

Medical nutrition therapy ≈ Platform inference
Assessing a patient's nutritional status and prescribing a diet for their condition.

Pharmacist3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Dispensing and counting ✓ Evidence-backed
Picking, counting, labelling and packaging the medicine that matches the prescription.

Keep people on it · 1

Counselling the patient ✓ Evidence-backed
Explaining how to take it, what to expect, what to do if it goes wrong — to someone who may not have understood the doctor.

New duties · 1

Clinical services ✓ Evidence-backed
Vaccinations, medication reviews, minor ailment consultations, chronic disease monitoring.

Pharmacy technician5/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 0New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Counting, filling and packaging ✓ Evidence-backed
Counting tablets, filling and labelling containers, and packaging refills.
Unit doses and automated cabinets ✓ Evidence-backed
In hospitals, preparing unit doses, restocking automated dispensing cabinets on the wards and delivering medicines.

New duties · 1

Checking other technicians' work ✓ Evidence-backed
Doing the final product check on filled prescriptions — work that used to be reserved for the pharmacist — usually backed by barcode scanning.

School teacher3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Marking and written feedback ≈ Platform inference
Grading a stack of essays or problem sets and writing a comment on each that the student will actually read.

Keep people on it · 1

Running the room ≈ Platform inference
Thirty children, one adult, forty minutes: attention, behaviour, safety, and the child who is quietly not okay.

New duties · 1

Orchestrating tutoring tools ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding which tools students use for what, checking what the tools taught them, and catching what they got wrong.

Driving instructor4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Basic control on the training ground ✓ Evidence-backed
Teaching starting, steering, reversing and parking manoeuvres on a closed training ground before a pupil goes on the road.

Keep people on it · 2

Lessons in real traffic ✓ Evidence-backed
Sitting beside a learner on public roads, judging when to step in, and using the dual controls when needed.
Assessing progress and preparing for the test ✓ Evidence-backed
Judging when a pupil is ready, rehearsing test routes and manoeuvres, and explaining what the examiner will look for.

University lecturer4/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Keep people on it · 2

Research and writing ✓ Evidence-backed
Doing research, writing papers and grant proposals, and answering for the results.
Peer review ✓ Evidence-backed
Reviewing other researchers' papers and proposals.

New duties · 1

Assessment design and integrity ✓ Evidence-backed
Designing exams and coursework that test what students can do, and upholding academic integrity.

Chef / cook4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Fixed-menu, high-volume cooking ✓ Evidence-backed
Frying, grilling, assembling the same items thousands of times a day in a quick-service kitchen.

Keep people on it · 2

Cooking to order in a real kitchen ≈ Platform inference
Twelve tickets, six stations, one pan short, the fish that came in smaller than yesterday.
Running the team ✓ Evidence-backed
Training, scheduling, keeping standards up and tempers down, covering the station when someone does not show.

New duties · 1

Working alongside kitchen automation ✓ Evidence-backed
Loading, monitoring and cleaning the automated fryer or assembly unit, and taking over when it fails mid-rush.

Electrician4/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Keep people on it · 1

Installation in real buildings ✓ Evidence-backed
Running cable through walls that are not where the drawing says, in a building full of other trades, to code.

New duties · 1

Electrification: EV chargers, heat pumps, solar, storage ✓ Evidence-backed
Installing and integrating the equipment that the shift away from fossil fuels puts into every building.

Plumber4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Quoting, booking and invoicing ≈ Platform inference
Pricing jobs, arranging visits, ordering parts and getting paid.

Keep people on it · 3

Installing and repairing pipes and fittings ✓ Evidence-backed
Cutting, joining and fixing pipes, fitting taps, toilets, traps and water heaters, and repairing or replacing what has failed.
Working to code and signing off ✓ Evidence-backed
Making sure the work meets the regulations, testing it for leaks and pressure, and taking responsibility for it once it is done.
Explaining the problem to the customer ≈ Platform inference
Telling the customer what has gone wrong, what the options cost and what can wait, often in their home and under some stress.

New duties · 1

Fitting and servicing smart water devices ✓ Evidence-backed
Installing and looking after connected meters, leak sensors, automatic shut-off valves and sensor taps, and dealing with their alerts.

HVAC technician4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Routine leak inspections ✓ Evidence-backed
Periodically checking refrigeration equipment for leaks.

Keep people on it · 2

Installing systems ✓ Evidence-backed
Fitting furnaces, heat pumps, air conditioners and ductwork, and connecting refrigerant lines, power and controls.
Handling refrigerants ✓ Evidence-backed
Recovering, charging and repairing leaks in refrigerant circuits.

Architect3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Renderings and presentation images ✓ Evidence-backed
Producing the images that sell the scheme to a client or a planning committee.

Keep people on it · 3

Understanding the brief and finding the idea ≈ Platform inference
Working out what the client actually needs, what the site allows, and the organising idea that makes it a building rather than a diagram.
Approvals and coordinating the team ✓ Evidence-backed
Planning permission, building control, and keeping structural, mechanical and cost consultants pointing the same way.
Site inspection and construction-phase decisions ≈ Platform inference
Walking the site, answering the contractor's questions, deciding what to do when the ground is not what the survey said.

Building inspector2/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Writing inspection reports ≈ Platform inference
Recording findings, photos and code references in a report that owners, buyers or builders act on.
Explaining findings and enforcing corrections ≈ Platform inference
Explaining defects to owners and builders, approving or refusing work, and following up until corrections are made.

Drafter / CAD technician3/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Keep people on it · 1

Revisions and coordination ✓ Evidence-backed
Updating drawings and models as designs change, resolving clashes between disciplines and tracking what changed.

Interior designer4/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 4New duties 0

Keep people on it · 4

Understanding the client and the brief ≈ Platform inference
Finding out how the people will actually use the space, what they can spend, and what they have not said.
Specifying materials and sourcing ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing finishes, fixtures and furniture that meet the budget, lead times and codes, and buying or specifying them.
Coordinating contractors on site ≈ Platform inference
Working with contractors and trades, answering questions on site, and inspecting that the work matches the design.
Codes, safety and signing the drawings ✓ Evidence-backed
Making the design meet building, fire, accessibility and safety codes, and — where required — sealing the drawings.

Civil / structural engineer4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Getting the plans approved ✓ Evidence-backed
Assembling the submission, answering the regulator's queries and shepherding the design through each approval stage.

Keep people on it · 3

Signing the plans as the qualified person ✓ Evidence-backed
Being the named person who certifies that they prepared the plans, and who answers for them if the structure fails.
Checking someone else's structural design ✓ Evidence-backed
Acting as the independent checker who certifies that another engineer's plans show no inadequacy in the key structural elements.
Deciding on site when reality differs from the drawing ≈ Platform inference
The ground is softer than the survey said, a service runs where a pile should go, a delivery is out of tolerance — deciding what changes and signing off the change.

Land surveyor4/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Setting out construction ✓ Evidence-backed
Marking on site where structures, roads and earthworks go, so that crews and machines build to the design.

Keep people on it · 2

Researching and determining boundaries ✓ Evidence-backed
Researching deeds, plans and marks on the ground, and deciding where a legal boundary lies.
Certifying and signing surveys ✓ Evidence-backed
Taking legal responsibility for a survey by certifying and signing the plan.

Urban planner2/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Preparing plans and policy ≈ Platform inference
Writing local plans, design codes and policies, weighing evidence about housing, transport and environment.
Advising, negotiating and presenting ≈ Platform inference
Negotiating with developers, presenting recommendations to committees and inquiries, and explaining decisions to the public.

GIS analyst / cartographer1/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Digitising features from imagery ✓ Evidence-backed
Tracing buildings, roads, water and land cover from aerial and satellite images into map data.

Keep people on it · 1

Quality checks and field validation ≈ Platform inference
Checking data against the ground and against standards before it is used.

Electrical engineer3/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Keep people on it · 3

Requirements and system design ≈ Platform inference
Working out what the system must do, the loads and constraints, and choosing an architecture that will be safe, buildable and maintainable.
Testing, commissioning and faults ✓ Evidence-backed
Testing and commissioning equipment, and investigating faults — often near energised parts.
Codes and signing off installations ✓ Evidence-backed
Making designs meet electrical safety codes and taking formal responsibility for installations where the law requires a licensed engineer.

Chip design engineer3/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Keep people on it · 1

Architecture and specification ≈ Platform inference
Deciding what the chip must do, how it is divided into blocks, and the power, performance and area targets each block must meet.

Mechanical engineer2/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Keep people on it · 3

Requirements and concept ≈ Platform inference
Turning what a product or machine must do into performance requirements, and choosing a concept that can be made, tested and maintained.
Prototypes, testing and failure investigation ≈ Platform inference
Building and testing prototypes, and investigating why equipment fails in service.
Safety, compliance and sign-off ✓ Evidence-backed
Assessing machine risks, meeting safety law and standards, and sealing designs where the law requires a licensed engineer.

Industrial engineer2/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Process design and improvement ≈ Platform inference
Mapping how work is done, finding waste and bottlenecks, and redesigning processes — including deciding where to automate.
Process hazard analysis ✓ Evidence-backed
Analysing what can go wrong in a process and how to prevent it, and revalidating the analysis when the process changes.

Quantity surveyor5/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Measuring quantities ✓ Evidence-backed
Working out how much concrete, steel, brickwork, finishes and services a design needs — the take-off every estimate rests on.

Keep people on it · 1

Claims and disputes ✓ Evidence-backed
Preparing and answering claims for delay and disruption, and negotiating or giving evidence when the money is contested.

New duties · 1

Whole-life cost and carbon ✓ Evidence-backed
Estimating what a building will cost to run and maintain, and the carbon in its materials and operation, alongside its construction cost.

Journalist3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Rewriting press releases and results ✓ Evidence-backed
Turning earnings tables, sports scores, weather, police blotters and press releases into short articles.

Keep people on it · 1

Getting people to tell you things ≈ Platform inference
Building the relationships and trust that make someone hand you a document or say what they saw.

New duties · 1

Detecting synthetic and manipulated media ≈ Platform inference
Deciding whether a viral clip, image or audio is real before it is reported as fact.

Editor and proofreader3/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Structural and developmental editing ≈ Platform inference
Shaping a manuscript's structure, argument and voice with its author.
Standards and publication decisions ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding what is published and holding text to editorial standards.

Translator / Interpreter3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

First-draft translation of routine text ✓ Evidence-backed
Manuals, product copy, correspondence, internal documents.

Keep people on it · 1

Deciding what to change, not just how to say it ≈ Platform inference
Transcreation, market adaptation, and telling a client their message will not land.

New duties · 1

Post-editing machine output ✓ Evidence-backed
Fixing what the machine got wrong, and knowing where to look for it.

Interpreter2/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Keep people on it · 3

Court and legal interpreting ✓ Evidence-backed
Interpreting for defendants, witnesses and parties in courts and police proceedings.
Medical interpreting ≈ Platform inference
Interpreting between patients and clinicians, in person or remotely.
Sign language interpreting ✓ Evidence-backed
Interpreting between spoken language and sign language, in person or by video.

Retail cashier / shop assistant5/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Scanning and taking payment ✓ Evidence-backed
The till: scanning, bagging, payment, receipts.

Keep people on it · 3

Restocking and shelf work ✓ Evidence-backed
Unpacking deliveries, filling shelves, facing up, rotating dates, handling the 3,000 products that are each slightly different.
Helping customers ✓ Evidence-backed
Where is it, is there more in the back, which one is better, can I return this, my card did not work.
Loss prevention and the difficult customer ✓ Evidence-backed
Noticing theft, handling the argument at self-checkout, de-escalating, deciding when to call for help.

New duties · 1

Picking online orders in store ✓ Evidence-backed
Walking the aisles to assemble a customer's online basket for collection or delivery.

Bank teller3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Routine transactions ✓ Evidence-backed
Deposits, withdrawals, transfers, bill payments, balance enquiries.

Keep people on it · 1

Helping with the complicated cases ✓ Evidence-backed
Bereavement, power of attorney, a frozen account, a customer who does not understand the app and is frightened of it.

New duties · 1

Teaching customers the digital channels ≈ Platform inference
Sitting with someone and getting them onto the app, safely, so they do not need to come back for the routine.

Medical assistant / clinic assistant2/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Chasing the authorisation ≈ Platform inference
Getting an insurer, a payer or a referral system to say yes before a patient can have the thing the doctor ordered — forms, portals, phone queues, and the resubmission when it comes back denied.

Keep people on it · 2

The phone ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding, from a two-minute call, whether this person needs an appointment today, next week, or the emergency department.
The hands-on bits ≈ Platform inference
Injections, dressings, blood draws, swabs, setting up equipment and cleaning the room between patients.

New duties · 1

Vitals and intake ✓ Evidence-backed
Weight, blood pressure, temperature, current medications, why they are here — collected in the six minutes before the doctor walks in.

Waiter / restaurant server3/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Taking the order ✓ Evidence-backed
Recording what each person wants, with the modifications, the allergy, and the one they changed their mind about.

Keep people on it · 2

Running the room ✓ Evidence-backed
Holding twelve tables in your head at once: who is waiting, who needs to be left alone, which course goes out next and which table will complain in five minutes if nobody goes over.
When it goes wrong ≈ Platform inference
The wrong dish, the hour-late main, the allergy that was on the ticket and not on the plate — and the decision about what to take off the bill.

New duties · 1

Carrying things through a crowded room ✓ Evidence-backed
Plates, trays, drinks — through a space full of moving people, chair legs and children.

Bartender / barista2/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Making coffee and drinks ≈ Platform inference
Pulling espresso, steaming milk, mixing cocktails and pouring beer and wine to a consistent standard.

Keep people on it · 2

Checking age and serving alcohol responsibly ✓ Evidence-backed
Checking ID, judging whether someone has had too much, and refusing service when the law requires it.
Hospitality and conversation ≈ Platform inference
Welcoming people, recommending drinks, remembering regulars and keeping the room pleasant.

Hairdresser / barber0/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Bookings and the front desk ≈ Platform inference
Answering calls and messages, booking and rescheduling appointments, and taking payments.

Keep people on it · 2

Cutting and styling ≈ Platform inference
Cutting, shaping, blow-drying and styling hair by hand, adjusting to each head, hair type and client as the work goes.
Colouring and chemical treatments ≈ Platform inference
Mixing and applying colour, bleach, perms and straighteners, and judging how the hair and scalp react.

Construction worker3/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Setting out and checking ≈ Platform inference
Marking where things go, checking level and line, and catching the error before it is buried.

Keep people on it · 2

Building it where it goes ✓ Evidence-backed
Forming, fixing, laying, finishing — in a space with no two corners alike and a tolerance that has to be absorbed as you go.
Working out what can happen today ✓ Evidence-backed
The concrete is late, the scaffold is not struck, another trade is in the way — deciding what the crew does instead, right now.

New duties · 1

Not getting hurt ✓ Evidence-backed
Reading a site for what is about to go wrong: the load that is not secure, the edge nobody has guarded, the person working above you.

Bricklayer / blocklayer1/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Keep people on it · 3

Reading drawings and setting out ≈ Platform inference
Working out the walls from drawings, marking lines and levels on site, and choosing the bond.
Cutting, pointing and detail ≈ Platform inference
Cutting units to fit, finishing and raking out joints, and building corners, arches and details.
Repair and restoration ≈ Platform inference
Repairing and repointing existing walls, matching old materials and working on occupied or historic buildings.

Carpenter / joiner3/5 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Cutting joints and joinery ✓ Evidence-backed
Marking and cutting joints, timbers and joinery so that parts fit together.

Keep people on it · 3

Formwork for concrete ≈ Platform inference
Building and stripping the temporary moulds that concrete is poured into.
Finish carpentry and installation ✓ Evidence-backed
Fitting doors, windows, stairs, ceilings, floors and cabinets, often overhead and in finished spaces.
Repair and renovation ≈ Platform inference
Repairing, altering and renovating existing buildings, where every job is different.

Auto mechanic / vehicle technician3/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Reading the fault code ✓ Evidence-backed
Plugging in, pulling the codes, and looking up what they mean.

Keep people on it · 3

The fault that will not repeat ✓ Evidence-backed
The noise that only happens when warm, the fault the customer swears to that the vehicle refuses to show you.
Doing the repair ✓ Evidence-backed
The physical job: access, torque, corrosion, the bolt that is not coming out, putting it back so it does not rattle.
Telling the customer what it needs ≈ Platform inference
Explaining a repair to someone who cannot verify anything you say, and being believed.

Medical laboratory technician4/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Running the analyser ✓ Evidence-backed
Loading, calibrating, and moving hundreds of samples through machines that do the measurement themselves.

Keep people on it · 2

Knowing a result is wrong ✓ Evidence-backed
Spotting the value that is impossible for this patient, the drift that says the instrument needs attention, the specimen that was mislabelled upstream.
Making the critical call ✓ Evidence-backed
Deciding a result cannot wait, finding the clinician responsible for this patient right now, and making sure they heard it.

New duties · 1

Handling the specimen ✓ Evidence-backed
Receiving, spinning, aliquoting, and dealing with the sample that arrived clotted, short, unlabelled or at the wrong temperature.

Physiotherapist / rehabilitation therapist3/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Keep people on it · 3

Working out what is actually limiting them ≈ Platform inference
Watching someone move, testing what hurts and what does not, and finding the cause that is often somewhere other than the pain.
Treating with your hands ✓ Evidence-backed
Mobilisation, manipulation, soft tissue work — and adjusting what you are doing based on what you feel while doing it.
Keeping them doing it ✓ Evidence-backed
The twelve weeks after the pain stops: noticing they have quietly stopped, finding out why, and changing something so they start again.

Speech-language pathologist / speech and language therapist1/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Keep people on it · 1

Assessing communication and swallowing ≈ Platform inference
Testing speech, language, voice and swallowing, deciding what is wrong and setting goals.

Occupational therapist3/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Keep people on it · 1

Planning and delivering therapy ✓ Evidence-backed
Setting goals with the person and running therapy that rebuilds arm use, everyday skills and thinking after illness or injury.

Phlebotomist2/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Keep people on it · 1

Caring for patients during the draw ≈ Platform inference
Calming anxious patients and children, handling difficult veins and responding when someone feels faint.

Massage therapist1/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Relaxation and wellness massage ✓ Evidence-backed
Standard relaxation sessions in spas, hotels and gyms, where the client wants a routine massage rather than treatment.

Keep people on it · 2

Therapeutic and clinical massage ≈ Platform inference
Treating pain, injury and tension by hand, adjusting pressure and technique to what the tissue and the client tell you.
Assessment and treatment planning ≈ Platform inference
Taking a history, spotting reasons not to massage, planning treatment and knowing when to refer someone on.

Firefighter6/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Keep people on it · 2

Searching the building and getting people out ✓ Evidence-backed
Forcing entry, searching smoke-filled rooms by touch and sight, and carrying or guiding people to safety.
Reading the fire and commanding the scene ✓ Evidence-backed
Sizing up the building, the fire and the risk, deciding where crews and machines go, and changing the plan as the fire changes.

New duties · 1

Deploying and operating the robots ✓ Evidence-backed
Getting firefighting robots off the appliance, driving them into position remotely and keeping them working through the fire.

Paramedic / EMT3/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Treating patients on scene ✓ Evidence-backed
Resuscitation, airway care, giving drugs, splinting, and lifting and moving patients in homes and on roads.
Driving and transporting patients ≈ Platform inference
Driving under emergency conditions, and moving and monitoring the patient on the way to hospital.

Police officer4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Processing traffic violations from video ✓ Evidence-backed
Reviewing dashcam and other footage sent in by the public, finding the offence and the moment it happened, and preparing the case.

Keep people on it · 1

Responding to incidents and making arrests ≈ Platform inference
Arriving at a fight, a crash or a domestic call, calming or controlling the situation, and arresting someone when the law requires it.

Emergency dispatcher3/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Keep people on it · 2

Dispatching and coordinating units ≈ Platform inference
Choosing which police, fire or ambulance units to send, tracking them and coordinating between agencies.
Giving instructions until help arrives ✓ Evidence-backed
Talking callers through CPR, bleeding control or getting to safety, and staying on the line with them.

Farmer4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Spraying crops ✓ Evidence-backed
Applying pesticide, fungicide and fertiliser across the fields at the right time, traditionally with a backpack or tractor-mounted sprayer.

Keep people on it · 2

Deciding what to plant, when and how ≈ Platform inference
Choosing crops and varieties, timing planting, spraying and harvest against weather and prices, and judging the state of the crop in the field.
Picking and handling fruit and vegetables by hand ≈ Platform inference
Picking, cutting, sorting and packing crops that bruise easily or ripen unevenly.

Gardener / landscaper2/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Mowing and routine turf care ✓ Evidence-backed
Cutting grass in parks, sports fields, campuses and roadsides on a regular schedule.

Keep people on it · 3

Trimming and pruning ✓ Evidence-backed
Shaping hedges, pruning shrubs and trees, and deciding what to cut and what to leave.
Planting and building landscapes ≈ Platform inference
Planting, laying turf, paths and walls, and turning a design into a finished garden.
Applying pesticides and fertiliser ≈ Platform inference
Mixing and applying fertiliser, herbicides and pesticides safely and within the rules.

Social worker4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 2New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Writing up sessions as case notes ✓ Evidence-backed
Recording what was said in a session or home visit, in whatever language it happened in, and turning it into structured case notes.

Keep people on it · 2

Working with clients over time ≈ Platform inference
Building trust with people in difficulty, listening, and helping them make and keep to a plan through setbacks.
Assessing risk and responding to crises ✓ Evidence-backed
Judging whether a child or vulnerable adult is safe, visiting homes, and acting — including with statutory powers — when they are not.

Dentist4/6 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Keep people on it · 3

Diagnosing and planning treatment ✓ Evidence-backed
Putting together the X-rays, the examination and the patient's history to decide what is wrong and what to do about it.
Carrying out treatment ✓ Evidence-backed
Fillings, extractions, root canals, crowns and the anaesthetic that comes with them, in a small space on a conscious patient.
Explaining and reassuring ≈ Platform inference
Explaining findings and options, getting consent, and helping anxious patients through treatment.

Dental hygienist3/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 3New duties 0

Keep people on it · 3

Cleaning and scaling ≈ Platform inference
Removing plaque and tartar above and below the gum line with hand and ultrasonic instruments.
Patient education ✓ Evidence-backed
Showing patients how to brush and clean between teeth, and advising on diet and habits.
Working within scope ✓ Evidence-backed
Knowing which decisions belong to the dentist and which the hygienist may make.

Dental assistant / dental nurse2/4 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Keep people on it · 1

Assisting at the chair ≈ Platform inference
Passing instruments, keeping the mouth dry and clear with suction, and supporting the patient during treatment.

Veterinarian5/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 4New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Notes, reminders and bills ✓ Evidence-backed
Writing up consultations, sending vaccination and check-up reminders, and preparing estimates and invoices.

Keep people on it · 4

Examining the animal ✓ Evidence-backed
Handling and examining an animal that cannot say where it hurts, and taking the history from an owner who may have missed things.
Treating, vaccinating and operating ✓ Evidence-backed
Giving treatment and vaccinations, performing surgery and dentistry, and managing anaesthesia and recovery.
Talking it through with the owner ≈ Platform inference
Explaining what is wrong, the options and their cost, and helping owners decide — including when to end an animal's life.
Prescribing and signing certificates ✓ Evidence-backed
Choosing and prescribing medicines, and signing health, vaccination and travel certificates that others rely on.

Librarian5/6 evidenced

Change the method 2Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 2

Lending, returns and reservations ✓ Evidence-backed
Checking items out and in, handling holds, and keeping the self-service kiosks and return chutes working — work librarians share with, and supervise, library clerks.
Keeping the shelves and stock in order ✓ Evidence-backed
Shelving, checking shelf order, taking inventory, and removing worn or outdated items.

Keep people on it · 1

Programmes, children and the community ≈ Platform inference
Story times, school visits, talks and clubs, help for people who come with a problem rather than a question, and keeping a busy public space calm and orderly.

New duties · 1

Teaching people to use — and question — AI tools ✓ Evidence-backed
Classes and one-to-one help on how search and AI tools work, how to check what they say, and how to spot an invented citation.

Welder4/6 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 1

Change the method · 1

Welding repeated joints and structural blocks ✓ Evidence-backed
Laying the same kind of weld many times on production parts, panels and large blocks that can be positioned for access.

Keep people on it · 1

Out-of-position, site and repair welding ≈ Platform inference
Vertical and overhead welds in tight spaces, pipework in place, welding on site and repairing existing structures and equipment.

New duties · 1

Setting up and running welding robots ✓ Evidence-backed
Loading and positioning parts, teaching or adjusting robot paths, setting parameters, watching the weld and stepping in when it goes wrong.

Machinist / CNC machinist0/4 evidenced

Change the method 1Keep people on it 1New duties 0

Change the method · 1

Running and tending machines ≈ Platform inference
Loading and unloading parts, watching the machine run, changing worn tools and stopping it when something goes wrong.

Keep people on it · 1

Setting up machines ≈ Platform inference
Mounting fixtures and tools, setting offsets, loading the program and running and adjusting the first part.

Sonographer2/5 evidenced

Change the method 0Keep people on it 2New duties 1

Keep people on it · 2

Difficult patients and unexpected findings ≈ Platform inference
Getting usable images through difficult anatomy, and noticing something the request did not ask about and extending the scan to show it.
Caring for the person on the table ≈ Platform inference
Explaining the examination, positioning patients who are in pain, and handling intimate and emotional scans such as pregnancy and transvaginal examinations.

New duties · 1

Checking and teaching scans done by others ≈ Platform inference
Reviewing image quality from point-of-care scans done by nurses, doctors and other staff, and training them.

Your roster, not this catalogue#

It names the roles we have no evidence for rather than filling them in, and it never tells you who to make redundant.

What the diagnosis is, with a worked example →

Where to go next#

Recent changes — every verified record, newest first
Method and evidence — how a task judgement is made, and when we say we do not know