VOLOVLOAutomation risk & transition, task by task
AskOccupationsMajorsBusinessFoundersChangesNotesMethod
Search occupations, majors…
EN
  • English
  • 简体中文
  • 日本語
  • Español
  • Português
  • Français
VLO
VOLO

Understanding how automation changes work — task by task, with the evidence shown and the uncertainty admitted.

AskOccupationsMajorsBusinessFoundersChangesNotesMethodWill AI replace my job?AboutRole diagnosisOpen dataOntologyPro MCPPrivacyTerms
© 2026 VOLO
Occupations
All occupations
AI / software
Translator / InterpreterBank tellerCopywriterContent moderatorCustomer service representativeAdministrative assistantSoftware tester / QA engineerGraphic designerParalegalVideo editorAccountant / BookkeeperMarketing specialistFrontend developerTax preparer / tax agentVoice actorMedical coderData analystInsurance claims handlerTechnical writer / documentation engineerJunior software developerHR / recruiterLoan officer / credit officerFinancial analystProcurement / supply chain specialistJournalistSales / account managerReal estate agentIT support specialist / helpdeskAuditorManagement consultantBackend developerAI researcherProduct / UX designerBusiness systems ownerE-commerce operations specialistActuaryRadiologistData engineerLawyerMedical assistant / clinic assistantMachine learning engineerExperienced software engineerDevOps / platform / SRE engineerProduct managerPharmacistPartnerships / channel managerSecurity analyst (SOC)Financial adviser / financial plannerCompliance officerLibrarianArchitectFirst-line manager / team supervisorCounsellor / therapistRetail salesperson / shop assistantCivil / structural engineerSecurity guardBus driverInsurance agentSchool teacherGeneral practitioner / primary care doctorAirline pilotWaiter / restaurant serverRadiographer / radiologic technologistAuto mechanic / vehicle technicianPolice officerSonographerAir traffic controllerVeterinarianPhysiotherapist / rehabilitation therapistDentistConstruction workerSocial workerRegistered nurseCare worker / nursing assistantPlumberAI implementation lead
RPA / self-service
Government service clerkOperations coordinatorMetro train driverReceptionist / front desk
Robotics
Retail cashier / shop assistantContainer port workerWarehouse workerAssembly line workerMedical laboratory technicianWelderChef / cookCleaner / janitorFarmerFirefighterCabin crewElectrician
Autonomous driving
Ride-hail / taxi driverTruck driverDelivery rider / courier
Majors
All majorsEnglish / Foreign languagesComputer scienceAccountingPsychologyJournalism / CommunicationFinanceLawVisual communication designMarketingNursingBusiness administrationEducation and teacher trainingArchitecturePublic administrationMedicineHospitality and tourism managementEconomicsInformation systems
Guides
Ask VOLOFor businessFor foundersRecent changesNotesRole diagnosisFirst AI experimentMethod & evidenceAboutFollow an occupationSearch
You are reading as:I have a jobI am studyingI run a companyI am building something
On this pageWhich technologiesHow it got hereMethod and sources
Occupations›Medical coder›How we know

Medical coder — how we know

The page itself gives the judgements. This one gives what they rest on: which technologies bear on the work, how the estimate moved since language models reached the public, and the method behind both.

Assessed
2026-09-26
With evidence
0/6
Verified events
1

Which technologies matter here#

Four separate signals. They are deliberately not added together — a job exposed to two technologies is not twice as exposed.

Cognitive automation
Coding short, routine chartsCoding complex inpatient staysQuerying doctors when the record is unclearReviewing codes that software suggested or assignedAudits, denials and appealsKeeping up with code sets and payer rules
Process & self-service
Coding short, routine charts

How it got here#

The index is not a static number. This is where it would have sat at each capability checkpoint since ChatGPT — reconstructed, and labelled as such.

Reconstructed · platform inferenceEstimated today for each past checkpoint — not measured at the time. 36 → 64.
1007550250
A Taiwan university hospital deployed and tested an AI system that suggests ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes to its certified coding specialists, who review the suggestions and choose the final codes123456789not assessed
2022 H22024 H2Now

—— this stretch contains a verified event- - - no event in this stretch — reconstruction only0 = no task exposed, 100 = every task exposed

● 1 verified event for this occupation, plotted at the date it happened — the parts of the line near a marker are anchored to something checkable.

Starts at 36 because computer-assisted coding — software that reads a record and suggests codes — was already in hospitals well before this chart begins. It climbs steadily as language models make the suggestions better on long, messy records and as some health systems begin sending routine charts the software is confident about straight to billing. It stops short of the top because complex inpatient cases, queries to doctors, audits and appeals still need a coder who knows the rules, and because someone has to answer for what the software codes.

12022 H236General-purpose text generation reaches the public. Before this point, exposure came from automation that was already deployed — OCR, RPA, machine vision, self-checkout, dispatch algorithms. ChatGPT research preview (2022-11-30) ↗
22023 H140A general model that passes professional exams. First-draft quality crosses the threshold where professional work starts using it. GPT-4 (2023-03-14) ↗
32023 H244Vision input, long context and tool calling. Models can be pointed at documents and connected to systems, which is what moves process work rather than writing work. GPT-4 Turbo:128k 上下文、视觉、工具调用(DevDay) (2023-11-06) ↗
42024 H148The same capability gets much cheaper and faster. Nothing new becomes possible; a lot becomes affordable at volume, which is when deployment decisions change.
52024 H252Reasoning models that work through multi-step problems, and the first models that operate a computer by looking at the screen. The second one is what reaches software-operating jobs. OpenAI o1(推理);同期 Claude 的 computer use 进入公测 (2024-09-12) ↗
62025 H155Agents begin operating real software end to end rather than producing text for a person to paste. This is also when the first public reversals appear — organisations that automated and partly undid it. Claude 3.7 Sonnet 与 Claude Code:混合推理 + 命令行编码代理 (2025-02-24) ↗
72025 H258Long context and tool use become the default rather than a feature. Capability gains continue; the visible constraint shifts from what models can do to liability, procurement and cost. GPT-5(2025-08-07);Claude Opus 4.5(2025-11-24) (2025-08-07) ↗
82026 H161Long-horizon agents land inside specific industry workflows. Adoption becomes sector-specific rather than general. GPT-5.5:「专为实际工作打造」 (2026-04-23) ↗
9Now64The current assessment — this point is the impact index published on the occupation's page, so the curve is anchored to a number the site already stands behind. Worth noting for the flat curves: in the same weeks, a research preview of a shared specification for AI agents to operate physical devices was opened to research labs and manufacturers. That is the first capability class pointed at the physical occupations whose lines here barely move. GPT-6 Astra(2026-09-03);Claude Fable 5.1 / Mythos 5.1(2026-09-01);Model Hardware Standard 研究预览(2026-08-27) (2026-09-03) ↗

A flat line is not a forecast of safety. It says which tasks automation has reached so far — the occupations that moved least here are the ones where the constraint is physical or regulatory, and both of those can change.

Method and sources#

Assessment date
2026-09-26
Basis of the task judgements
0 evidence-backed · 6 platform inference · 0 not enough evidence
Verified events
1

How we assess an occupation →

← Back to Medical coderThe other layer: every task, one by one →Skills, knowledge and related jobs (O*NET) →