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Understanding how automation changes work — task by task, with the evidence shown and the uncertainty admitted.

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On this pageWhich technologiesHow it got hereMethod and sources
Occupations›Editor and proofreader›How we know

Editor and proofreader — how we know

The page itself gives the judgements. This one gives what they rest on: which technologies bear on the work, how the estimate moved since language models reached the public, and the method behind both.

Assessed
2026-09-30
With evidence
3/4
Verified events
9

Which technologies matter here#

Four separate signals. They are deliberately not added together — a job exposed to two technologies is not twice as exposed.

Cognitive automation
Proofreading and correctionCopyediting for accuracy and styleStructural and developmental editingStandards and publication decisions
Process & self-service
Standards and publication decisions

How it got here#

The index is not a static number. This is where it would have sat at each capability checkpoint since ChatGPT — reconstructed, and labelled as such.

Reconstructed · platform inferenceEstimated today for each past checkpoint — not measured at the time. 30 → 50.
1007550250
Editor employment will decline 1 percent from 2025 to 2035 as print newspapers and magazines lose ground, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated, without mentioning AIProofreader and copy marker employment will hold at about 8,500 from 2025 to 2035, a change of −0.9 percent, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics estimatedElsevier says its teams use AI tools to support proof preparation and copy editing, while AI cannot replace an editor's final decision-makingA university-hosted GPT made about three times the corrections of a human copyeditor, but only 61% of them were judged improvements, a study in PLOS One foundLanguage models favoured more generative rewrites than human proofreaders, which may improve fluency but risk altering nuance, a comparison of second-language writing foundExperts largely preferred text edited by other experts over automatic edits, in a study of 1,057 AI-written paragraphs edited by professional writersSignificant AI-generated elements require the explicit permission of a senior editor at the Guardian, under its published approach to generative AIErrors of agreement, coreference and tense across sentences were not effectively corrected by ChatGPT, a document-level evaluation foundChatGPT produced fewer under-corrections but more over-corrections than dedicated grammar tools in an evaluation on a correction benchmark123456789not assessed
2022 H22024 H2Now

—— this stretch contains a verified event- - - no event in this stretch — reconstruction only0 = no task exposed, 100 = every task exposed

● 9 verified events for this occupation, plotted at the date it happened — the parts of the line near a marker are anchored to something checkable.

Starts at 30 because spell-checkers, grammar tools and desktop publishing had already taken much mechanical correction before this chart begins. It climbs with the releases that could correct and rewrite whole passages, which publishers took up for proofs and copy editing, and stays in the middle because models over-correct and miss errors across a document, experts prefer human edits, and publishers keep final decisions with editors.

12022 H230General-purpose text generation reaches the public. Before this point, exposure came from automation that was already deployed — OCR, RPA, machine vision, self-checkout, dispatch algorithms. ChatGPT research preview (2022-11-30) ↗
22023 H133A general model that passes professional exams. First-draft quality crosses the threshold where professional work starts using it. GPT-4 (2023-03-14) ↗
32023 H237Vision input, long context and tool calling. Models can be pointed at documents and connected to systems, which is what moves process work rather than writing work. GPT-4 Turbo:128k 上下文、视觉、工具调用(DevDay) (2023-11-06) ↗
42024 H141The same capability gets much cheaper and faster. Nothing new becomes possible; a lot becomes affordable at volume, which is when deployment decisions change.
52024 H244Reasoning models that work through multi-step problems, and the first models that operate a computer by looking at the screen. The second one is what reaches software-operating jobs. OpenAI o1(推理);同期 Claude 的 computer use 进入公测 (2024-09-12) ↗
62025 H146Agents begin operating real software end to end rather than producing text for a person to paste. This is also when the first public reversals appear — organisations that automated and partly undid it. Claude 3.7 Sonnet 与 Claude Code:混合推理 + 命令行编码代理 (2025-02-24) ↗
72025 H248Long context and tool use become the default rather than a feature. Capability gains continue; the visible constraint shifts from what models can do to liability, procurement and cost. GPT-5(2025-08-07);Claude Opus 4.5(2025-11-24) (2025-08-07) ↗
82026 H149Long-horizon agents land inside specific industry workflows. Adoption becomes sector-specific rather than general. GPT-5.5:「专为实际工作打造」 (2026-04-23) ↗
9Now50The current assessment — this point is the impact index published on the occupation's page, so the curve is anchored to a number the site already stands behind. Worth noting for the flat curves: in the same weeks, a research preview of a shared specification for AI agents to operate physical devices was opened to research labs and manufacturers. That is the first capability class pointed at the physical occupations whose lines here barely move. GPT-6 Astra(2026-09-03);Claude Fable 5.1 / Mythos 5.1(2026-09-01);Model Hardware Standard 研究预览(2026-08-27) (2026-09-03) ↗

A flat line is not a forecast of safety. It says which tasks automation has reached so far — the occupations that moved least here are the ones where the constraint is physical or regulatory, and both of those can change.

Method and sources#

Assessment date
2026-09-30
Basis of the task judgements
3 evidence-backed · 1 platform inference · 0 not enough evidence
Verified events
9

How we assess an occupation →

← Back to Editor and proofreaderThe other layer: every task, one by one →Skills, knowledge and related jobs (O*NET) →