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Understanding how automation changes work — task by task, with the evidence shown and the uncertainty admitted.

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On this pageWhich technologiesHow it got hereMethod and sources
Occupations›GIS analyst / cartographer›How we know

GIS analyst / cartographer — how we know

The page itself gives the judgements. This one gives what they rest on: which technologies bear on the work, how the estimate moved since language models reached the public, and the method behind both.

Assessed
2026-10-01
With evidence
1/4
Verified events
7

Which technologies matter here#

Four separate signals. They are deliberately not added together — a job exposed to two technologies is not twice as exposed.

Cognitive automation
Digitising features from imagerySpatial analysisSpatial databases and map productionQuality checks and field validation
Physical automation
Quality checks and field validation

How it got here#

The index is not a static number. This is where it would have sat at each capability checkpoint since ChatGPT — reconstructed, and labelled as such.

Reconstructed · platform inferenceEstimated today for each past checkpoint — not measured at the time. 26 → 46.
1007550250
Cartographer and photogrammetrist employment will grow 7 percent from 2025 to 2035, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated, without mentioning AIMapping technicians will still be needed to review the output of drones and other technologies, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated, projecting 6 percent growth to 2035Machine-made building footprints meet or exceed hand-drawn quality but vary by place and should never be imported without checking local quality, Microsoft saysAmong 26 participants, manual building mapping was faster and more accurate overall than an AI-assisted editor, which most often merged buildings, researchers foundOn 50 geoprocessing tasks, the best model produced valid workflows 95% of the time, but spatial relationship detection and site selection remained hardest, a benchmark foundAI cut the time to produce France's large-scale land-cover map by a factor of three and halved its cost, the national mapping agency IGN saidA GIS agent built into QGIS succeeded at tool selection and code generation for basic and intermediate spatial tasks, while complex tasks remained a challenge, researchers reported123456789not assessed
2022 H22024 H2Now

—— this stretch contains a verified event- - - no event in this stretch — reconstruction only0 = no task exposed, 100 = every task exposed

● 7 verified events for this occupation, plotted at the date it happened — the parts of the line near a marker are anchored to something checkable.

Starts at 26 because GIS software, digital photogrammetry and automated classification of satellite imagery were routine before this chart begins, while features were still traced and checked by people. It climbs with deep-learning extraction of buildings and land cover at national scale and with AI agents that can run GIS tools, and stays in the middle because manual mappers still beat AI-assisted editors in a controlled test, spatial reasoning remains hard for agents, and machine-made data needs checking.

12022 H226General-purpose text generation reaches the public. Before this point, exposure came from automation that was already deployed — OCR, RPA, machine vision, self-checkout, dispatch algorithms. ChatGPT research preview (2022-11-30) ↗
22023 H128A general model that passes professional exams. First-draft quality crosses the threshold where professional work starts using it. GPT-4 (2023-03-14) ↗
32023 H230Vision input, long context and tool calling. Models can be pointed at documents and connected to systems, which is what moves process work rather than writing work. GPT-4 Turbo:128k 上下文、视觉、工具调用(DevDay) (2023-11-06) ↗
42024 H133The same capability gets much cheaper and faster. Nothing new becomes possible; a lot becomes affordable at volume, which is when deployment decisions change.
52024 H236Reasoning models that work through multi-step problems, and the first models that operate a computer by looking at the screen. The second one is what reaches software-operating jobs. OpenAI o1(推理);同期 Claude 的 computer use 进入公测 (2024-09-12) ↗
62025 H139Agents begin operating real software end to end rather than producing text for a person to paste. This is also when the first public reversals appear — organisations that automated and partly undid it. Claude 3.7 Sonnet 与 Claude Code:混合推理 + 命令行编码代理 (2025-02-24) ↗
72025 H242Long context and tool use become the default rather than a feature. Capability gains continue; the visible constraint shifts from what models can do to liability, procurement and cost. GPT-5(2025-08-07);Claude Opus 4.5(2025-11-24) (2025-08-07) ↗
82026 H144Long-horizon agents land inside specific industry workflows. Adoption becomes sector-specific rather than general. GPT-5.5:「专为实际工作打造」 (2026-04-23) ↗
9Now46The current assessment — this point is the impact index published on the occupation's page, so the curve is anchored to a number the site already stands behind. Worth noting for the flat curves: in the same weeks, a research preview of a shared specification for AI agents to operate physical devices was opened to research labs and manufacturers. That is the first capability class pointed at the physical occupations whose lines here barely move. GPT-6 Astra(2026-09-03);Claude Fable 5.1 / Mythos 5.1(2026-09-01);Model Hardware Standard 研究预览(2026-08-27) (2026-09-03) ↗

A flat line is not a forecast of safety. It says which tasks automation has reached so far — the occupations that moved least here are the ones where the constraint is physical or regulatory, and both of those can change.

Method and sources#

Assessment date
2026-10-01
Basis of the task judgements
1 evidence-backed · 3 platform inference · 0 not enough evidence
Verified events
7

How we assess an occupation →

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